Proton pump inhibitor: The dual role in gastric cancer

Figure 1 Contrast effects of proton pump inhibitors in normal gastric mucosa and gastric cancer cells. Proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) induce hypergastrinemia and hypochlorhydria, which may contribute to enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and proliferation of gastric mucosa. Conversely, PPIs may modify the acidic tumor microenvironment and inhibit vacuolar H⁺-ATPase or signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 activity in gastric cancer cells. Arrow indicates the positive effect and straight line indicates the inhibitory effect. ECL: Enterochromaffin-like; SHP1: Src homology 2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 1; STAT3: Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3.