Organoids of liver diseases: From bench to bedside

Figure 4 Culture and application of liver cancer organoids. A: Culture of liver cancer organoids. Primary liver cancer cells are obtained after the enzymatic hydrolysis of collagenase, and similar liver organoids are used to form liver cancer organoids; B: Malignant transformation of normal liver organoids to form liver cancer organoids. Liver organoids are routinely formed, gene editing technology is used to generate multiple-gene, multistep mutations in organoids, and the organoids are orderly cultured to form liver cancer organoids; C: Application of liver cancer organoids. Liver cancer organoids can be used for research of basic mechanism of liver cancer and screening of liver cancer drugs, for example, screening the best chemotherapeutic drugs by comparing the effects of different drugs on the size or number of liver cancer organoids. HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; FGF2: Fibroblast growth factor 2; EGF: Epidermal growth factor.