Cryotherapy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the esophagus

Table 2 Cryotherapy in esophageal cancer

Author (yr)	No. of patients	Cryotherapy system used	Results	Adverse events
Cryotherapy in EAC
Greenwald et al[29] (2010)	79 (49 completed the treatment)	Low-pressure liquid nitrogen (< 5 psi) cryotherapy system	CE-D in 32%.	Benign strictures (12.6%), pain post treatment (25.3%)
Tsai et al[30] (2017)	88	Low-pressure liquid nitrogen (< 5 psi) cryotherapy system	CE of intraluminal disease in 76.3% T1a, 45.8% T1b, 66.2% T1, and 6.7% T2	Abdominal pain (19.3%), dysphagia (10.2%), sore throat (9%), and chest pain (8%)
Kachaamy et al[32] (2018)	49	Low-pressure liquid nitrogen system (CryoSpray Ablation System; CSA Medical, Inc, Lexington, Mass)	Improvement in mean dysphagia score	2% (1) developed a severe intra-procedural perforation, 2% (1) developed a benign stricture requiring dilation.
Cryotherapy in SCC
Cash et al[33] (2007)	1	Liquid nitrogen cryospray ablation	100% CE-D	Stricture development
Canto et al[34] (2018)	10	Nitrous oxide (CbFAS)	100% CE-D in LGIN, HGIN, SCC	Post-procedure pain (40%), esophageal stricture (20%)

EAC: Esophageal adenocarcinoma; CE-D: Complete eradication of dysplasia; CE: Complete eradication; CSA: Cryospray ablation; SCC: Squamous cell carcinoma; LGIN: Low-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; HGIN: High-grade intraepithelial neoplasia; CbFAS: Cryoballoon focal ablation system.