Cryotherapy in the management of premalignant and malignant conditions of the esophagus

Table 1 Cryotherapy in Barrett’s esophagus

Author (yr)	No. of patients	Cryotherapy system used	Results of the study	Adverse events
Johnston et al[21] (2005)	11	Liquid nitrogen at -196 °C	100% CE-D and CE-IM	-
Canto et al[26] (2015)	44	Modified low-pressure CO2 cryotherapy system (Polar Wand, GI supply)	95.6% CE-D in LGD, 91.3% CE-D in HGD	4.5% (2) developed transient mild discomfort post-procedure.
Dumot et al[42] (2009)	30	LNSCT (CSA Medical Inc, Baltimore, Md)	68% CE-D in HGD, 80% CE-D in IMC	3.3% (1) developed perforation in a patient with known Marfan’s syndrome
Ghorbani et al[24] (2016)	96	LNSCT (2nd generation, CSA Medical, Baltimore, MD, United States)	91% CE-D in LGD, 81% CE-D in HGD, 61% CE-IM in LGD and 65% CE-IM in HGD respectively.	1% (1) developed stricture, which did not require dilation. 1% (1) hospitalized for bleeding in the setting of NSAID use
Ramay et al[44] (2017)	90 (50 for 3-yr analysis, 40 for 5-yr analysis)	LNSCT	3-yr analysis: 96% CE-D in HGD, 94% CE-D in LGD, 82% CE-IM; 5-yr analysis: 93% CE-D in HGD, 88% CE-D in LGD, 75% CE-IM	-

BE: Barrett’s esophagus; CE-D: Complete eradication of dysplasia; CE-IM: Complete eradication of intestinal metaplasia; HGD: High grade dysplasia; LGD: Low grade dysplasia; LNSCT: Liquid nitrogen spray cryotherapy; IMC: Intra-mucosal cancer.