Overexpression of G protein-coupled receptor 31 as a poor prognosticator in human colorectal cancer

Table 2 Univariate analysis of G protein-coupled receptor 31 expression and clinicopathologic variables on overall survival

Variable	Training cohort			Validation cohort
	All cases	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	P value	All cases	Hazard ratio (95%CI)	P value
Age (yr)			0.010a			0.054
< 58.4	153	1.0			1.0
≥ 58.4	168	1.832 (1.158-2.898)			1.937 (0.987-3.800)
Gender			0.817			0.933
Female	148	1.0			1.0
Male	173	1.053 (0.680-1.631)			1.026 (0.562-1.874)
BMI (kg/m2)			0.474			0.959
< 21.4	159	1.0			1.0
≥ 21.4	154	0.980 (0.927-1.036)			1.026 (0.394-2.673)
Preoperative ileus			0.07			0.77
Yes	25	1.0			1.0
No	294	1.438 (0.716-2.890)			0.901 (0.449-1.810)
CEA (ng/mL)			< 0.001b			0.034a
< 5	200	1.0			1
≥ 5	97	2.435 (1.509-3.927)			1.919 (1.050-3.508)
CA199 (ng/mL)			0.010a			0.279
< 37	218	1.0			1.0
≥ 37	64	1.988 (1.179-3.351)			1.504 (0.719-3.148)
Tumor location			0.303			0.911
Colon	156	1.0			1
Rectal	163	1.250 (0.818-1.910)			0.968 (0.545-1.720)
Size (cm)			0.355			0.193
< 5.0	156	1.0			1.0
≥ 5.0	164	1.230 (0.793-1.907)			0.654 (0.345-1.239)
Histopathology			0.091			0.537
Adenocarcinoma	283	1.0			1.0
Others	38	1.671 (0.922-3.031)			1.311 (0.556-3.090)
Differentiation			0.001a			0.07
Well/moderate	271	1.0			1.0
Poor	50	2.363 (1.435-3.890)			1.811 (0.952-3.443)
pT classification			0.039a			0.001a
T1/T2	60	1.0			1.0
T3/T4	261	2.079 (1.038-4.163)			7.055 (2.191-22.722)
pN classification			< 0.001b			< 0.001b
N0	194	1.0			1.0
N1	124	2.293 (1.471-3.576)			3.130 (1.716-5.709)
pM classification			< 0.001b			< 0.001b
M0	298	1.0			1.0
M1	23	9.857 (5.825-16.680)			5.212 (2.764-9.828)
GPR31 expression			< 0.001b			< 0.001b
Low	197	1.0			1.0
High	124	2.888 (1.844-4.523)			3.413 (1.920-6.066)

^aP < 0.05;

^bP < 0.001; CI: Confidence interval; GPR31: G protein-coupled receptor 31; BMI: Body mass index; CEA: Carcinoembryonic antigen; CA199: Carbohydrate antigen 19-9.