Management of bacterial and fungal infections in end stage liver disease and liver transplantation: Current options and future directions

Table 1 Main studies reporting the characteristics and mortality rates associated with infections in patients with liver cirrhosis

Year	Prevalence of infections (%); patient n	Main infection sites (%)	Most common pathogens (%)	Mortality rates (%)	Ref.
2018	NR; n = 312	Only BSI included; primary (32), SBP (16), UTI (11)	GNB (53)	25	[28]
2017	61; n = 852	Only BSI included; primary (60), abdominal (33), UTI (7), pneumonia (6)	GNB (60)	23	[22]
2015	38; n = 401	Pneumonia (22), UTI (21), SBP (19)	E. coli (72)	31	[23]
2012	51; n = 207	UTI (52), SBP (23), BSI (21)	GPB (56)	24	[19]
2010	33; n = 150	UTI (37), pneumonia (22), BSI (13)	GNB (62)	37	[18]
2007	45; n = 233	UTI (43), pneumonia (25), SBP (16)	GNB (65)	18	[20]
2003	25; n = 135	UTI (31), SBP (26), pneumonia (25)	NR	9	[25]
2002	22; n = 70	BSI (16), CVC-BSI (9), liver abscess (3)	GPB (67)	29	[24]
2002	32; n = 507	SBP (24), UTI (19), pneumonia (14), CVC-BSI (8)	GPB (47)	22	[17]
2001	34; n = 361	UTI (41), SBP (23), BSI (21), pneumonia (17)	E. coli (25)	15	[8]
1994	39; n = 132	SBP (44), UTI (26), pneumonia (16)	GNB (65), E. coli (62)	29	[27]
1993	47; n = 170	SBP (31), UTI (25), pneumonia (21)	GNB (72)	17	[26]

NR: Not reported; BSI: Bloodstream infections; SBP: Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis; UTI: Urinary tract infections; CVC: Central venous catheter; GNB: Gram-negative bacteria; GPB: Gram-positive bacteria.