Risk factors for liver disease among adults of Mexican descent in the United States and Mexico

Table 4 Effect measures comparing prevalence of risk factors among females by country of residence/birth

	Elevated ALT or AST1	Hepatitis B or C	Metabolic syndrome2	High cholesterol	Diabetes3	Obesity4	Abdominal obesity5	Heavy/binge drinker6
Odds ratios
HWCS (Mexico)	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0	1.0
NHANES- Mexico-born	0.8 (0.5, 1.1)	0.3 (0.1, 1.8)	0.7 (0.5, 1.1)	1.2 (1.0, 1.5)	2.2 (1.4, 3.4)a	2.5 (1.8, 3.5)a	2.1 (1.2, 3.6)a	5.6 (4.2, 7.3)a
NHANES- US-born	1.0 (0.8, 1.3)	0.4 (0.2, 1.1)	0.8 (0.6, 1.2)	1.1 (0.9, 1.4)	1.7 (1.2, 2.6)a	3.5 (2.5, 4.9)a	2.3 (1.4, 3.8)a	12.8 (10.0, 16.3)a
Predicted probabilities
HWCS (Mexico)	10.2	2.2	34.9	41.2	8.3	20.0	51.1	8.4
NHANES- Mexico-born	8.2	0.7	28.8	45.8	15.4	38.4	67.8	32.1
NHANES- US-born	10.6	1.0	31.2	43.3	12.9	46.3	69.6	50.3
Prevalence ratios (95%CI)
NHANES- Mexico-born vs HWCS	0.8 (0.5, 2.1)	0.3 (0.0, 0.9)a	0.8 (0.6, 1.0)	1.1 (1.0, 1.2)	1.9 (1.2, 2.5)a	1.9 (1.4, 2.4)a	1.3 (1.0, 1.6)a	3.8 (3.0, 4.6)a
NHANES- US-born vs HWCS	1.0 (0.8, 1.2)	0.4 (0.0, 0.8)a	0.9 (0.7, 1.1)	1.1 (0.9, 1.2)	1.6 (1.1, 2.1)a	2.3 (1.7, 2.9)a	1.4 (1.0, 1.7)a	6.0 (4.9, 7.1)a
Prevalence differences (95%CI)
NHANES- Mexico-born vs HWCS	-2.1 (-4.7, 0.6)	-1.5 (-2.8, -0.2)a	-6.1 (-13.0, 0.8)	4.6 (-0.7, 9.8)	7.1 (1.8, 12.4)a	18.4 (12.5, 24.3)a	16.8 (4.6, 29.0)a	23.7 (19.4, 28.0)a
NHANES- US-born vs HWCS	0.3 (-1.7, 2.3)	-1.2 (-2.7, 0.0)	-3.7 (-10.2, 2.7)	2.2 (-2.9, 7.3)	4.7 (1.3, 8.0)a	26.2 (20.5, 31.9)a	18.5 (6.5, 30.6)a	41.9 (38.0, 45.9)a

Logistic regression models adjusted for age, marital status and education. Predicted probabilities, prevalence ratios and prevalence differences were produced using marginal standardization.

¹Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and elevated alanine aminotransferase (AST) were defined as > 40 IU/L;

²Metabolic syndrome was defined base on the Third Report of the National Cholesterol Education Program’s Adult Treatment Panel III criteria;

³Diabetes was defined as having a plasma glucose level > 125 mg/dL after a more than 8 h fast, a medical history of diabetes, currently taking medication for diabetes, and/or a random glucose test > 200 mg/dL;

⁴Obesity was defined as having a body mass index (BMI) of ≥ 30.0 kg/m²;

⁵Abdominal obesity was defined as having a waist circumference > 102 cm for males, and a waist circumference > 88 cm for females;

⁶Heavy drinking was defined as two to four drinks per day for females and three to four drinks per day for males, and binge drinking was defined as having five or more drinks at one time for both males and females.

^aP < 0.05 for testing the null hypothesis of no difference between groups.