Helicobacter pylori: A foodborne pathogen?

Table 2 Studies evaluating the occurrence of Helicobacter pylori in foods

Year	Food	Method	Number of samples n	Observations	Ref.
2001	Raw sheep milk	Culture and PCR	63 raw sheep milk	60% PCR positive samples	Dore et al[65]
				2.6% culture positive samples
2002	Raw and pasteurized cow milk	Semi nested PCR, culture method and electron microscopy	18 raw cow milk	Raw milk: 72.2% semi-nested PCR positive samples; 1 culture positive sample	Fujimura et al[66]
			20 pasteurized milk	Pasteurized milk: 55% semi-nested PCR positive samples
2002	Raw sheep milk	Culture	440 raw sheep milk	0% positive samples	Turutoglu et al[74]
2008	Raw goat, sheep, and cow milks	Nested-PCR	160 raw goat milk	25.6% positive goat milk	Quaglia et al[71]
			130 raw sheep milk	33% positive sheep milk
			110 raw cow milk	50% positive cow milk
2008	Raw chicken and ready- to- eat raw tuna	Multiplex PCR	11 raw chicken	36% positive raw chicken	Meng et al[77]
			18 ready-to-eat raw tuna	44% positive ready-to-eat raw tuna
2011	Raw cow milk	FISH	20	20% positive samples	Angelidis et al[67]
2012	Raw cow, sheep, goat, buffalo and camel milks	PCR	75 raw cow milk	16.00% positive cow milk	Rahimi et al[68]
			58 raw sheep milk	13.79% positive sheep milk
			42 raw goat milk	4.76% positive goat milk
			20 raw buffalo milk	13.33% positive camel milk
			15 raw camel milk	20.00% positive buffalo milk
2014	Milk and traditional dairy products	Culture and PCR	120 raw cow milk	16.6% positive cow milk	Mousavi et al[69]
			100 raw goat milk	28% positive goat milk
			100 raw sheep milk	35% positive sheep milk
			80 raw buffalo milk	15% positive buffalo milk
			60 raw camel milk	13.3% positive camel milk
			60 raw donkey milk	0% positive donkey milk
			100 cheese	30% positive cheese
			100 butter	15% positive cream
			100 cream	5% positive butter
			100 ice cream	27% positive ice cream
2014	Vegetables and salad	Culture and PCR	60 salad	16.6% positive salad	Atapoor et al[81]
			40 basil	12.5% positive basil
			40 radish	7.5% positive radish
			40 leek	20% positive leek
			80 spinach	6.25% positive spinach
			80 lettuce	13.75% positive lettuce
			120 parsley	6.6% positive parsley
2014	Washed and unwashed vegetables	Culture and PCR	430 washed and unwashed vegetable	13.72% positive vegetables and salads	Yahaghi et al[80]
2015	Raw cow, sheep, goat, buffalo and camel milks	PCR	75 raw cow milk	16.00% positive cow milk	Talaei et al[72]
			58 raw sheep milk	13.79% positive sheep milk
			42 raw goat milk	4.76% positive goat milk
			20 raw buffalo milk	13.33% positive camel milk
			15 raw camel milk	20.00% positive buffalo milk
2015	Raw cow milk	Culture and nested PCR	50 raw cow milk	22% positive cow milk	Osman et al[73]
2015	Raw cow milk	Culture and nested PCR	163 raw cow milk	0% positive cow milk	Bianchini et al[75]
2016	Raw cow, sheep, goat, buffalo and camel milks and meats	Culture and PCR	420 raw milk	21.90% positive raw milk	Saedi et al[70]
			400 raw meat	26.25% positive meat
2016	Ready-to-eat food	Culture and PCR	550 ready-to-eat food	13.45% positive ready-to-eat food	Hemmatinezhad et al[78]
2016	Ready-to-eat food and minced meat	Culture and PCR	60 ready-to-eat fish	15% positive ready-to-eat fish	Ghorbani et al[79]
			60 ham	8.33% positive ham
			40 chicken sandwich	5% positive chicken sandwich
			40 vegetable sandwich	45% positive vegetable sandwich
			50 meat sandwich	20% positive meat sandwich
			50 minced meat	32% positive minced meat
2017	Hamburger and minced meat	Culture and nested PCR	80 hamburger	1.42% positive hamburger	Gilani et al[76]
			70 minced-meat	12.5% positive minced-meat