Review
Copyright ©The Author(s) 2018.
World J Gastroenterol. Jul 7, 2018; 24(25): 2673-2685
Published online Jul 7, 2018. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i25.2673
Table 3 Role of natural extracts and phytochemicals against inflammatory bowel disease
Base materialMain compound/agentMode of actionRef.
Extracts
MushroomCoriolus versicolor extractReduced TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6[68]
Reduced STAT1 and STAT6
Cordiceps militaris extractDecreased epithelial damage[70]
Suppressed iNOS and TNF-α mRNA expression
Inonotus obliquus extractSuppressed TNF-α, COX-2, and IFN-γ[73]
Ganoderma lucidum extractInhibited MAPK phosphorylation and NF-κB activation[74]
Decreased histological score
Fruit extracts
Prunus mumePrunus mume extractSuppressed mucosal damage, TNF-α, and iNOS expressions[75]
PomegranatePomegranate extract (ellagitannins and ellagic acid)Decreased the expression of TNF-α, COX-2, IL-4, and STAT6[77]
Prevented the translocation of NF-κB[78]
CranberryCranberry fruit/extractModulated NF-κB and IL-1β signaling[79]
Blueberry extractAttenuated colon shortening
Suppressed pro-inflammatory cytokines[80]
Averrhoa bilimbiAverrhoa bilimbi L. extractPrevented oxidation
Inhibited pro-inflammatory mediators[81]
Aronia melanocarpaArronia melanocarpa juiceReduced NF-κB translocation
GingerGinger extract (zingerone)Decreased mucosal injury[82]
Marine foodDecrease the level of pro-inflammatory cytokines[83]
Haliotis discus hannai Ino extractImproved colonic damage[84]
Decreased TBARS concentration
Suppressed NF-κB and IL-1β
Green algae extractSuppressed colonic tissue damage
Downregulated IFN-γ and IL-4
Ameliorated colonic tissue damage
Decreased pro-inflammatory cytokines
PhytochemicalsApple polyphenolsReduced COX-2 and TNF-α[85]
Recovered transglutaminase protein
ResveratrolSuppressed NF-κB and TNF-α[86]
Reduced clinical score
CardamoninReduced histopathological damage[18]
Reduced iNOS, NF-κB, TNF-α, COX-2, and caspase-3
Suppressed IL-1β and TNF-α
Ginsenoside Rg1Reduced colonic damage and DAI[90]
Improved colon shortening and DAI
SulforaphaneSuppressed STAT3 expression[91]
CurcuminReduced TNF-α, IL-1β, and MPO[92]
Attenuated morphological damage