Emergence of immunotherapy as a novel way to treat hepatocellular carcinoma

Table 1 Current phase III clinical trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors for hepatocellular carcinoma patients

NCT number	Targets	Experimental arm	Comparator arm	Outcome measures	Enrollment	Start date	Completion date	Locations
NCT02576509	PD-1	Nivolumab	Sorafenib	OS;PFS/PD-L1 expression/ORR	726	25-Nov-15	22-Jun-19	Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, China, Czechia, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Poland, Russian Federation, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, United Kingdom, United States
NCT02702401	PD-1	Pembrolizumab + BSC	Placebo + BSC	PFS/OS; ORR/ DCR/TTP/DOR	408	26-May-16	1-Feb-19
NCT03062358	PD-1	Pembrolizumab + BSC	Placebo + BSC	OS; PFS/ORR/DOR/ DCR/TTP/AE/Discontinuation	330	27-Apr-17	23-Dec-19	China, Hong Kong, South Korea, Malaysia, Taiwan
NCT03298451	PDL-1	Durvalumab + tremelimumab	Sorafenib	OS; PFS/ORR/DOR/DCR/TTP/PK	1200	11-Oct-17	27-Mar-20	United States, Brazil, Canada, China, France, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Italy, Japan, Russia, Spain, Taiwan, Thailand, Ukraine, Vietnam
NCT03383458	PD-1	Nivolumab	Placebo	RFS; OS/TTR	530	18-Dec-17	2-May-25	Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, United States
NCT03412773	PD-1	Tislelizumab (BGB-A317)	Sorafenib	OS; Safety/AE/DLT/Cmax/Cmin/AUC/ADA/Vital signs/physical examination/clinical laboratory results/electrocardiogram/ORR/PFS/DOR/TTP/HRQoL DCR/CBR/Anti-BGB-A317 antibody	660	28-Dec-17	May-22	United States

ADA: Anti-drug antibodies; AE: Adverse events; AUC: Area under the curve; BSC: Best supportive care; CBR: Clinical benefit rate; Cmax: Maximum concentration; Cmin: Trough serum concentration; DCR: Disease control rate; DLT: Dose-limiting toxicities; DOR: Duration of response; HRQoL: Health-related quality of life; ORR: Overall response rate; OS: Overall survival; PFS: Progression-free survival; TTP: Time to progression; TTR: Time to recurrence.