Diabetes mellitus, insulin resistance and hepatitis C virus infection: A contemporary review

Table 1 Glucose abnormalities and hepatitis C virus infection

Ref.	Year	Country	Study design	Patients	Patients number	Controls	Controls number	Testing for HCV Ab or RNA	Endpoint	Statistical methods	Association	Statistics
HCV infection markers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Sangiorgio et al[4]	2000	Italy	Retrospective	DM	1514	HV	1300	Ab	HCV	Univariate	Yes	P < 0.0001
Chen et al[5]	2006	Taiwan	Cross sectional	DM	820	HV	905	Ab	HCV	Univariate adjusted	Yes	OR = 2.87 [1.51, 5.46]; P < 0.001
Huang et al[6]	2007	Taiwan	Cross sectional	DM	1237	HV	8595	RNA	HCV	Univariate	Yes	6.9% vs 4.5%; P < 0.001
Jadoon et al[7]	2010	Pakistan	ND	DM	3000	HV	10000	Ab	HCV	Univariate	Yes	OR = 3.03 [2.64, 3.48]; P = 0.001
Balogun et al[53]	2006	Nigeria	case-control	DM	90	HV2	90	Ab	HCV	Univariate	No	NS
Costa et al[54]	2008	Brazil	Case-control	DM	206	HV	206	RNA	HCV	Multivariate	No	NS
Glucose abnormalities in HCV infected patients vs different control groups
Vs healthy volunteers
Knobler et al[17]	2000	Israel	Case-control	HCV	45	HV2	88	RNA	DM	Univariate	Yes	33% vs 5.6%; P < 0.001
Mehta et al[8]	2000	United States	Cross sectional	HCV	230	HV	9611	Ab	DM	Multivariate	Yes	OR = 3.77 [1.8, 7.87]
Marzouk et al[18]	2007	Egypt	Cross sectional	HCV	190	HV	575	RNA	DM	Multivariate	Yes	HR = 3.05 [1.19, 7.81]
Shaheen et al[19]	2007	United States	ND	HCV	239	HV	10144	ND	IR	Univariate adjusted	Yes	OR = 1.68; P = 0.02
Huang et al[6]	2007	Taiwan	Cross sectional	HCV	478	HV2	7927	RNA	DM	Multivariate	Yes	OR = 1.53 [1.18, 1.98]; P <0.001
Huang et al[21]	2008	Taiwan	ND	HCV	683	HV2	515	RNA	DM/IGT1	Univariate	Yes	OR = 3.51 [2.7, 4.56]; P < 0.001
Park et al[20]	2008	South Korea	Prospective	HCV1	62	HV2	172	RNA	IR	Univariate	Yes	22.5% vs 5.2%; P < 0.001
Mohamed et al[22]	2009	Egypt	Cross sectional	HCV1	38	HV2	12	RNA	IR	Univariate	Yes	HOMA-IR = 3.98 (normal ALT) and 2.69 (a normal ALT) vs 1.92; P < 0.001
Duseja et al[23]	2009	India	ND	HCV1	85	HV2	25	RNA	IR	Univariate	Yes	62% vs 16%; P = 0.0002
Lonardo et al[24]	2009	Italy	ND	HCV1	97	HV	182	RNA	IR	Univariate	Yes	P < 0.001
Huang et al[25]	2009	Taiwan	ND	HCV1	93	HV	144	Ab	IR	Univariate	Yes	HOMA-IR 2.2 vs 1.6; P = 0.02
Mostafa et al[26]	2010	Egypt	ND	HCV	329	HV	173/795	RNA	DM	Univariate adjusted	Yes	OR = 1.35 [1.06, 1.73]; P = 0.02
Miyajima et al[27]	2013	Japan	Cross sectional	HCV	40	HV	1780/88	RNA	IR	Univariate	Yes	HOMA-IR 3.0 vs 1.3; P < 0.001
Younossi et al[28]	2013	United States	Retrospective	HCV	177	HV	19568	RNA	DM and IR	Multivariate	Yes	OR for DM 2.3 [1.18, 4.54] OR for IR 2.06 [1.19, 3.57]
Pothineni et al[29]	2014	United States	Retrospective	HCV	1434	HV2	14799	RNA	DM	Univariate	Yes	11.2% vs 5.1%; P < 0.01
Dai et al[30]	2013	Taiwan	Retrospective	HCV	160	HV2	480	RNA	DM	Multivariate	Yes	OR = 1.208 [1.009, 2.799]; P = 0.004
Mehta et al[10]	2003	United States	Case-control	HCV	12	HV2	1072	RNA	DM	Univariate	No	NS
Stepanova et al[11]	2012	United States	Nationwide survey	HCV	791	HV	38715	RNA	DM and IR	Multivariate	No	NS
Montenegro et al[9]	2013	Italy	Prospective	HCV	616	HV	1856	Ab	DM	Univariate adjusted	No	NS
Ruhl et al[55]	2014	United States	Cross sectional	HCV	277	HV	14571	RNA	DM	Univariate adjusted	No	NS
Vs hepatitis B virus infection
Knobler et al[17]	2000	Israel	Case-control	HCV	45	HBV	90	RNA	DM	Univariate	Yes	33% vs 12%; P = 0.004
Ryu et al[31]	2001	South Korea	Prospective	HCV, F4	68	HBV	157	Ab	DM	Univariate	Yes	24% vs 10.4%; P = 0.001
Wang et al[32]	2007	Taiwan	Longitudinal	HCV	926	HBV	544	Ab	DM	Multivariate	Yes	HR = 1.7
Huang et al[6]	2007	Taiwan	Cross sectional	HCV	478	HBV	1363	RNA	DM	Univariate	Yes	18% vs 11.4%; P < 0.001
Moucari et al[33]	2008	France	Retrospective	HCV	500	HBV2	100	RNA	HOMA-IR	Univariate	Yes	35% vs 5%; P < 0.001
White et al[12]	2008	United States	Meta-analysis	HCV	34 studies	HBV/ HV	-	Ab/RNA	DM	Meta-analysis	Yes	Adjusted OR for HV 1.68 and for HBV 1.80
Rouabhia et al[34]	2010	Algeria	Prospective cross sectional	HCV1	290	HBV	126	RNA	DM	Multivariate	Yes	OR = 4.73 [1.7, 13.2]; P = 0.0029
Petta et al[56]	2011	Italy	Retrospective	HCV	170	HBV2	170	RNA	HOMA-IR and DM	Univariate	Yes	42.2% vs 25.9%, P = 0.002 and 8.8% vs 3.6%, P = 0.04
Imazeki et al[57]	2008	Japan	Retrospective	HCV	544	HBV	286	RNA	DM and IR	Multivariate	No	NS
Tanaka et al[58]	2008	Japan	Case-control	HCV1	30	HBV2	30	RNA	IR	Multivariate	No	NS
Mavrogiannaki et al[59]	2008	Greece	prospective case control	HCV	108	HBV	81	RNA	glucose intolerance	Univariate adjusted	No	NS
Persico et al[60]	2009	Italy	Retrospective	HCV	726	HBV	126	Ab	DM	Univariate adjusted	No	NS

¹HCV infection not treated;

²Matched for confounding factors (age and/or gender and/or BMI and/or ALT…). HCV: Hepatitis C virus infection; Ab: Antibody; HV: Healthy volunteers; G1: Genotype 1; SVR: Sustained virological response; HOMA-IR: Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; IR: Insulin resistance; DM: Diabetes mellitus; FPG: Fasting plasma glucose; IGT: Impaired glucose tolerance [after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)]; CLD: Chronic liver disease; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; NS: Not significant; ND: Not determined.