Efficacy and safety of limited endoscopic sphincterotomy before self-expandable metal stent insertion for malignant biliary obstruction

Table 6 Characteristics according to complications on biliary stenting with limited endoscopic sphincterotomy n (%)

	No complicationn = 235	Complicationn = 9	P value
Age (yr), mean ± SD (range)	70.61 ± 10.33	75.27 ± 5.55	0.993
Gender			1.000
Male	126 (53.6)	5 (55.5)
Female	109 (46.6)	4 (44.5)
Total bilirubin (mg/dL), pre-procedure, mean ± SD	7.00 ± 6.46	8.38 ± 6.54	0.362
Normal	52 (22.2)	1 (11.1)	0.453
Elevated	183 (77.8)	8 (88.9)
Hyperamylasemia, pre-procedure	13 (5.5)	1 (11.1)	0.485
Cholangitis, pre-procedure	64 (27.2)	4 (44.4)	0.472
Diagnosis			0.748
Cholangiocarcinoma	112 (47.6)	6 (66.7)
Hilar	71 (30.2)	4 (44.4)
Distal	41 (17.4)	2 (22.2)
Pancreatic cancer	77 (32.8)	2 (22.2)
Head	66 (28.1)	2 (22.2)
Body/tail	11 (4.7)	0 (0.0)
Gallbladder cancer	20 (8.5)	1 (11.1)
Ampullary cancer	18 (7.7)	0 (0.0)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	3 (1.3)	0 (0.0)
Others	5 (2.1)	0 (0.0)
Pancreatic duct invasion			0.324
Yes	80 (34.0)	5 (55.6)
No	155 (66.0)	4 (44.4)
Lymph node metastasis			0.176
Yes	166 (70.6)	5 (55.6)
No	69 (29.4)	4 (44.4)
Pancreatic duct injection			0.662
0	181 (77.0)	6 (66.7)
1-2	23 (9.8)	1 (11.1)
≥ 3	31 (13.2)	2 (22.2)
Number of inserted SEMS			0.031
1	224 (95.3)	7 (77.8)
2	11 (4.7)	2 (22.2)
Stent type			1.000
Uncovered	183 (77.9)	7 (77.8)
Covered	52 (22.1)	2 (22.2)
Stent complication			1.000
Stent occlusion	42 (17.9)	2 (22.2)
Stent migration	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)
Patency			0.512
No further procedure	192 (81.7)	7 (77.8)
ERBD restent	1 (0.4)	0 (0.0)
SEMS restent	31 (13.2)	1 (11.1)
PTBD	11 (4.7)	1 (11.1)

SEMS: Self-expandable metal stent; ERBD: Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage; PTBD: Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage; ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography.