Mortality associated with gastrointestinal bleeding in children: A retrospective cohort study

Table 2 Univariate analysis of factors affecting mortality n (%)

	Survived (n = 19124)	Died (n = 404)	Overall (n = 19528)	P value
Age in years (IQR)	9 (4, 15)	8 (3, 15)	9 (4, 15)	0.2997
Gender				0.0679
Female	8864 (46.35)	202 (50)	9066 (46.43)
Male	10460 (54.70)	202 (50)	10662 (54.60)
Race				0.0005
Non-Hispanic White	10036 (52.48)	168 (41.58)	10204 (52.25)
Non-Hispanic Black	3358 (17.56)	79 (19.55)	3437 (17.60)
Hispanic	3646 (19.07)	93 (23.02)	3739 (19.15)
Asian	565 (2.95)	18 (4.46)	583 (2.99)
Other	1156 (6.04)	35 (8.66)	1191 (6.10)
Unknown	363 (1.90)	11 (2.72)	374 (1.92)
Urban/rural				0.2524
Urban	16324 (85.36)	336 (83.17)	16660 (85.31)
Rural	2385 (12.47)	61 (15.10)	2446 (12.53)
Unknown	415 (2.17)	7 (1.73)	422 (2.16)
Complex chronic conditions				< 0.0001
0	9689 (50.66)	12 (2.97)	9701 (49.68)
1-2	5825 (30.46)	95 (23.51)	5920 (30.32)
≥ 3	3610 (18.88)	297 (73.51)	3907 (20.01)
GIH symptoms
Hematemesis	6508 (34.03)	88 (21.78)	6596 (33.78)	< 0.0001
Melena	7899 (41.30)	102 (25.25)	8001 (40.97)	< 0.0001
Hypovolemia	131 (0.69)	11 (2.72)	142 (0.73)	0.0002
GER	2329 (12.18)	50 (12.38)	2379 (12.18)	0.9653
Pharmaceutical interventions
PPI first 24 h	10234 (53.51)	277 (68.56)	10511 (53.83)	< 0.0001
H2RA first 24 h	3864 (20.20)	152 (37.62)	4016 (20.57)	< 0.0001
Erythromycin first 24 h	480 (2.51)	30 (7.43)	510 (2.61)	< 0.0001
Vasopressin first 24 h	58 (0.30)	99 (24.50)	157 (0.80)	< 0.0001
Octreotide first 24 h	708 (3.70)	80 (19.80)	788 (4.04)	< 0.0001
Surgical interventions
Laparotomy, exploratory	54 (0.28)	13 (3.22)	67 (0.34)	< 0.0001
Laparotomy, other	16 (0.08)	5 (1.24)	21 (0.11)	< 0.0001
Laparoscopy	144 (0.75)	6 (1.49)	150 (0.77)	0.1347
EGD	4569 (23.89)	52 (12.87)	4621 (23.66)	< 0.0001
Other endoscopy	1638 (8.57)	52 (12.87)	1690 (8.65)	0.0031
Transcatheter embolization	14 (0.07)	2 (0.50)	16 (0.08)	0.0423
Ligation, esophag. varices	4 (0.02%)	1 (0.25%)	5 (0.03)	0.0993
Ligation, gastric varices	6 (0.03)	0 (0.00)	6 (0.03)	0.9999
Diagnostic imaging
Meckel's Scan day 0-2	873 (4.56)	2 (0.50)	875 (4.48)	0.0001
Abdomen CT day 0-2	1675 (8.76)	48 (11.88)	1723 (8.82)	0.0356
Abdomen MRI day 0-2	212 (1.11)	2 (0.50)	214 (1.10)	0.3340
Arteriography day 0-2	163 (0.85)	5 (1.24)	168 (0.86)	0.4031
Packed red blood cell Transfusion	3361 (17.57)	241 (59.65)	3602 (18.45)	< 0.0001
Platelet transfusion	819 (4.28)	174 (43.07)	993 (5.09)	< 0.0001
ICU stay as part of encounter	2863 (14.97)	345 (85.40)	3208 (16.43)	< 0.0001
Chronic liver disease	536 (2.80)	35 (8.66)	571 (2.92)	< 0.0001
GIB Present on admit	13386 (70.00)	179 (44.31)	11084 (56.76)	< 0.0001
Principal Dx GIB	6708 (35.07)	25 (6.18)	6733 (34.48)	< 0.0001
Sepsis	516 (2.70)	180 (44.55)	696 (3.56)	< 0.0001
Shock	562 (2.94)	166 (41.09)	728 (3.73)	< 0.0001
Hospital LOS (IQR)	3 (1, 6)	19 (5, 49)	3 (1, 6)	< 0.0001
Day of EGD	1 (0, 2)	3 (1, 14)	1 (0, 2)	< 0.0001

IQR: Interquartile ranges; GER: Gastroesophageal reflux; PPI: Proton pump inhibitors; H₂RA: H₂-receptor antagonists; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.