Mortality associated with gastrointestinal bleeding in children: A retrospective cohort study

Table 1 Patient characteristics by principal and secondary diagnosis of gastrointestinal bleeding n (%)

	GI bleed		Overall (n = 19528)	P value
	Principal Dx (n = 6733)	Secondary Dx (n = 12795)
Age in years (IQR)	10 (4, 15)	9 (4, 15)	9 (4, 15)	< 0.0001
Gender				< 0.0001
Female	2925 (43.44)	5941 (46.43)	8866 (45.40)
Male	3808 (56.56)	6854 (53.57)	10762 (55.11)
Race				< 0.0001
Non-Hispanic White	3608 (53.59)	6596 (51.55)	10204 (52.25)
Non-Hispanic Black	1180 (17.53)	2257 (17.64)	3437 (17.60)
Hispanic	1159 (17.21)	2580 (20.16)	3739 (19.15)
Asian	251 (3.73)	332 (2.59)	583 (2.99)
Other	412 (6.12)	779 (6.09)	1191 (6.10)
Unknown	123 (1.83)	251 (1.96)	374 (1.92)
Urban/rural				0.1247
Urban	5730 (85.10)	10930 (85.42)	16660 (85.31)
Rural	873 (12.97)	1573 (12.29)	2446 (12.53)
Unknown	130 (1.93)	292 (2.28)	422 (2.16)
Complex chronic conditions				< 0.0001
0	3767 (55.95)	5969 (46.65)	9736 (49.86)
1-2	1771 (26.30)	4328 (33.83)	6099 (31.23)
≥ 3	1195 (17.75)	2498 (19.52)	3693 (18.91)
GIH symptoms
Hematemesis	2333 (34.65)	4263 (33.32)	6596 (33.78)	0.0635
Melena	1983 (29.45)	6018 (47.03)	8001 (40.97)	< 0.0001
Hypovolemia	52 (0.77)	90 (0.70)	142 (0.73)	0.5956
Pharmaceutical Interventions
PPI on day 0 or 1	4473 (66.43)	6038 (47.19)	10511 (53.83)	< 0.0001
H2RA on day 0 or 1	1301 (19.32)	2715 (21.22)	4016 (20.57)	0.0019
Erythromycin on day 0 or 1	197 (2.93)	313 (2.45)	510 (2.61)	0.0511
Vasopressin on day 0 or 1	15 (0.22)	142 (1.11)	157 (0.80)	< 0.0001
Octreotide on day 0 or 1	349 (5.18)	439 (3.43)	788 (4.04)	< 0.0001
Diagnostic Imaging
Meckel's Scan day 0-2	497 (7.38)	378 (2.95)	875 (4.48)	< 0.0001
Abdomen CT day 0-2	425 (6.31)	1298 (10.14)	1723 (8.82)	< 0.0001
Abdomen MRI day 0-2	44 (0.65)	170 (1.33)	214 (1.10)	< 0.0001
Arteriography day 0-2	75 (1.11)	93 (0.73)	168 (0.86)	0.0070
Surgical interventions
Laparotomy, exploratory	23 (0.34)	44 (0.34)	67 (0.34)	0.9999
Laparotomy, other	2 (0.03)	19 (0.15)	21 (0.11)	0.0191
Laparoscopy	54 (0.80)	96 (0.75)	150 (0.77)	0.7303
EGD	2304 (34.22)	2317 (18.11)	4621 (23.66)	< 0.0001
Other endoscopy	845 (12.55)	845 (6.6)	1690 (8.65)	< 0.0001
Transcatheter embolization	8 (0.12)	8 (0.06)	16 (0.08)	0.1977
Ligation, esophag. varices	0 (0.0)	5 (0.04)	5 (0.03)	0.1719
Ligation, gastric varices	1 (0.01)	5 (0.04)	6 (0.03)	0.6713
Packed red blood cell transfusions	1265 (18.79)	2337 (18.26)	3602 (18.45)	0.3808
Platelet transfusions	194 (2.88)	799 (6.24)	993 (5.09)	< 0.0010
ICU stay as part of encounter	880 (13.07)	2328 (18.19)	3208 (16.43)	< 0.0001
Chronic liver disease	171 (2.54)	400 (3.13)	571 (2.92)	0.0234
GIH present on admit	4980 (73.96)	8585 (67.10)	11084 (56.76%)	< 0.0001
Shock	144 (2.14)	584 (4.56)	728 (3.73)	< 0.0001
Sepsis	30 (0.45)	666 (5.21)	696 (3.56)	< 0.0001
Hospital lOS (IQR)	2 (1, 4)	3 (2, 7)	3 (1, 6)	< 0.0001
Day of EGD	1 (0, 2)	2 (1, 3)	1 (0, 2)	< 0.0001
Mortality	25 (0.37)	379 (2.96)	404 (2.07)	< 0.0001

IQR: Interquartile ranges; GER: Gastroesophageal reflux; PPI: Proton pump inhibitor; H₂RA: H₂-receptor antagonists; CT: Computed tomography; MRI: Magnetic resonance imaging; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding; EGD: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy.