To screen or not to screen? Celiac antibodies in liver diseases

Table 1 Studies regarding the association of primary sclerosing cholangitis and celiac disease

Type of article	No. of patients	Symptoms	Celiac antibodies	Duodenal biopsy	Response to gluten-free diet	Liver biopsy	ERCP	Comorbidities	Country, year	Ref.
Case report	3	Weight loss, steatorrhoea	No	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	2 Chronic ulcerative colitis	United States, 1988	Hay et al[35]
Abstract	69	Screening	55% AGA (+)	0/26 altered	-	-	-	-	Ireland, 1992	MacMathuna et al[46]
Case report	1	Diarrhea, weight loss, growth retardation	No	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	Chronic colitis	France, 1995	Lacaille et al[37]
								Turner’s syndrome
Case report	2	Anemia	AGA IgA (+)	Villous atrophy	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	Italy, 1996	Fracassetti et al[36]
Case report	1	Diarrhea	No	Villous atrophy	Yes	Yes	Yes	Ulcerative colitis	Sweden, 1994	Tysk[41]
Case report	1	Folic acid deficiency	AGA (-)	Typical1		Yes	Yes	Ulcerative colitis	France, 1994	Brazier et al[44]
			EmA (+)					Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
Case report	2	Weight loss	EmA (+)	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	Italy, 1998	Venturini et al[49]
Case report	1	Anemia	No	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Yes	Yes	Rheumatoid arthritis	United Kingdom, 2001	Gow et al[50]
Case series	1	Diarrhea	tTG (+)	Villous atrophy	No adherence	Yes	Not mentioned	Not mentioned	Finland, 2002	Kaukinen et al[51]
		Protruding	EmA (-)
		abdomen
		Failure to thrive
Case report	2	Active screening for CD	EmA (+)	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	Ulcerative colitis	Poland, 2002	Habior et al[43]
			tTG (+)
Prospective cohort	61	Active screening for CD	1.6% EmA (+)	100% (1/1) Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	Italy/Spain 2002	Volta et al[52]
			3.3% tTG (+)
Case report	2	Weight loss, steatorrhoea	EmA (+)	Villous atrophy	Yes	No	Yes	Ulcerative colitis	United Kingdom, 2003	Wurm et al[42]
Case report	1	Routine UDE	AGA (+)	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	United States, 2004	Al-Osaimi et al[53]
			EmA (+)
Case report	1	Diarrhea	EmA (+)	Typical1	Yes	Yes	Yes	-	Spain, 2005	Cadahía et al[54]
Prospective cohort	155	Screening	3% EmA (+)	-	-	-	-	-	United States, 2008	Rubio-Tapia et al[48]
			9% tTG (+)
Case report	1	Short stature and anemia	tTG (+)	Typical1	Yes	Yes	No, MRC	-	Saudi Arabia, 2013	Al-Hussaini et al[55]

¹Vilous atrophy, crypt hyperplasia, lymphoplasmocytic infiltrate. ERCP: Endoscopic retrograde cholangio pancreatography; MRCP: Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography; AGA: Anti-gliadin antibody; EmA: Endomysial antibody; tTG: Tissue transglutaminase; CD: Celiac disease; UDE: Upper digestive endoscopy.