Fructo-oligosaccharide intensifies visceral hypersensitivity and intestinal inflammation in a stress-induced irritable bowel syndrome mouse model

Figure 2 Effect of oral gavage of fructo-oligosaccharide on visceral sensitivity. A: Fructo-oligosaccharide (FOS) increased abdominal withdrawal reflex (AWR) scores in response to colorectal distension compared to saline administration following water avoidance stress (WAS). Values represent median, 25^th, 75^th, 5^th, and 95^th percentiles. Sham + saline (n = 7), sham + FOS (n = 7), WAS + saline (n = 6), WAS + FOS (n = 7). Kruskal-Wallis one-way ANOVA; B: Pain threshold decreased in FOS-administered compared to saline-administered mice following WAS. Values represent mean ± SD, one-way ANOVA; C: Volume threshold decreased in FOS compared to saline-administered mice following WAS. Values represent mean ± SD, one-way ANOVA. ^aP < 0.05, sham + saline vs WAS + saline; ^cP < 0.05, WAS + saline vs WAS + FOS.