Gender differences in ghrelin, nociception genes, psychological factors and quality of life in functional dyspepsia

Table 5 HADS and WHOQOL-BREF scores in the control and functional dyspepsia groups according to gender

Variables	Control			FD			P value1
	Total	Male	Female	Total	Male	Female	Control vs FD	Control2	FD2
	(n = 87)	(n = 38)	(n = 49)	(n = 104)	(n = 39)	(n = 65)
HADS score3 (mean ± SE)
Total	11.0 ± 0.8	10.8 ± 1.2	11.2 ± 1.1	15.8 ± 1.2	13.2 ± 1.3	18.6 ± 2.1	0.001	0.780	0.029
Anxiety	5.1 ± 0.4	4.9 ± 0.6	5.3 ± 0.6	7.4 ± 0.7	6.0 ± 0.7	9.0 ± 1.3	0.005	0.587	0.036
Depression	5.9 ± 0.4	5.9 ± 0.7	5.9 ± 0.6	8.4 ± 0.6	7.2 ± 0.8	9.7 ± 1.0	0.001	0.984	0.047
WHOQOL-BREF score4 (mean ± SE)
Total	59.5 ± 1.6	60.7 ± 2.7	58.0 ± 1.5	54.0 ± 1.9	57.5 ± 1.9	51.6 ± 2.1	0.027	0.417	0.074
Overall quality of life and general health	6.2 ± 0.2	6.6 ± 0.3	5.8 ± 0.3	5.9 ± 0.3	6.5 ± 0.3	5.4 ± 0.3	0.278	0.080	0.020
Physical domain	13.4 ± 0.4	13.6 ± 0.7	13.1 ± 0.4	12.6 ± 0.4	13.6 ± 0.5	11.6 ± 0.7	0.185	0.575	0.016
Psychological domain	12.8 ± 0.4	13.2 ± 0.7	12.4 ± 0.5	11.8 ± 0.4	12.4 ± 0.5	11.4 ± 0.7	0.092	0.410	0.278
Social domain	13.7 ± 0.4	14.0 ± 0.6	13.3 ± 0.4	12.1 ± 0.5	13.0 ± 0.5	11.5 ± 0.6	0.012	0.370	0.064
Environment domain	13.3 ± 0.5	13.3 ± 0.7	13.3 ± 0.6	11.6 ± 0.4	12.1 ± 0.5	11.7 ± 0.7	0.010	0.990	0.617

¹t-test was used;

²Between males and females;

³Higher score denotes more severe symptom;

⁴Higher score denotes better quality of life. FD: Functional dyspepsia; HADS: Hospital anxiety and depression scale; WHOQOL-BREF: World health organization quality of life abbreviated version.