Gender differences in ghrelin, nociception genes, psychological factors and quality of life in functional dyspepsia

Table 1 Characteristics of the subjects n (%)

Variables	Control (n = 87)			FD (n = 104)			P value
	Total(n = 87)	Male(n = 38)	Female(n = 49)	Total(n = 104)	Male(n = 39)	Female(n = 65)	Control vs FD	Control1	FD1
Age (mean ± SD, yr)	54.9 ± 12.1	57.4 ± 12.1	52.9 ± 11.8	50.5 ± 11.3	49.6 ± 11.6	51.3 ± 11.1	0.010	0.084	0.536
Male	38 (43.7)	38 (100)	0	39 ( 37.5)	39 (100)	0	0.386	-	-
BMI (mean ± SD, kg/m2)	23.1 ± 2.9	22.4 ± 2.9	22.9 ± 3.30	22.4 ± 3.0	23.3 ± 2.7	21.9 ± 3.4	0.140	0.482	0.039
H. pylori	58 (66.7)	23 (60.5)	35 (71.4)	60 (57.7)	21 (53.8)	39 (60.0)	0.204	0.360	0.547
AG antrum	33 (37.9)	15 (39.5)	18 (36.7)	28 (26.9)	9 (23.1)	19 (29.2)	0.104	0.794	0.493
AG body	13 (14.9)	5 (13.2)	8 (16.3)	11 (10.6)	4 (10.3)	7 (10.8)	0.365	0.681	0.999
IM antrum/body	22 (25.3)	12 (31.6)	10 (20.4)	18 (17.3)	6 (15.4)	12 (18.5)	0.177	0.234	0.688
Smoking	13 (14.9)	10 (26.3)	1 (2.0)	24 (23.1)	17 (43.6)	2 (3.1)	< 0.001	< 0.001	< 0.001
Alcohol	20 (23.0)	16 (42.1)	4 (8.2)	30 (28.8)	21 (53.8)	9 (13.8)	0.342	< 0.001	< 0.001
Gynecologic surgery2	-	-	13/43 (30.2)	-	-	25/48 (52.1)	0.171	-	-
Subtype in FD	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-
PDS	-	-	-	-	9 (23.1)	15 (23.1)	-	-	0.408
EPS	-	-	-	-	6 (15.4)	17 (26.2)	-	-	-
Mixed	-	-	-	-	24 (61.5)	33 (50.8)	-	-	-

¹Between males and females;

²Hysterectomy, salpingooophorectomy or cesarean section were included. Only some patients responded to this question. AG: Atrophic gastritis; BMI: Body mass index; EPS: Epigastric pain syndrome; mixed, postprandial distress syndrome and epigastric pain syndrome; FD: Functional dyspepsia; IM: Intestinal metaplasia; PDS: Postprandial distress syndrome; SD: Standard deviation; -: not available.