Intestinal parameters of oxidative imbalance in celiac adults with extraintestinal manifestations

Table 5 Clinical characteristics of the study groups: serum levels of celiac antibodies and the degree of intestinal mucosal damage n (%)

	Control (n = 25)	Treated CD (n = 31)	Nontreated CD (n = 22)	Newly diagnosed CD (n = 7)
Antibody titer
0	25	30 (96.7)	0	0
1	0	1 (3.3)	9 (40.9)	1 (14.3)
2	0	0	3 (13.6)	2 (28.6)
3	0	0	10 (45.5)	4 (57.1)
Antibody titer	0	0.03 ± 0.2	2.0 ± 0.9bd	2.4 ± 0.8bd
Degree of intestinal mucosal damage1
Normal mucosa 0	24 (96)	13 (41.3)	2 (9)	1 (14.3)
Marsh 1 1	1 (4)	5 (16.1)	7 (31.8)	0
Marsh 2 2	0	0	0	0
Marsh 3a 3	0	5 (16.1)	6 (27.3)	1 (14.3)
Marsh 3b 4	0	7 (22.6)	5 (22.7)	3 (42.9)
Marsh 3c 5	0	1 (3.2)	2 (9)	2 (28.6)
Intestinal mucosal damage1	0.04 ± 0.2	1.7 ± 1.8b	2.5 ± 1.6bc	3.7 ± 1.4bc

¹Intestinal mucosal damage was classified according to Marsh parameters, and each stage was given a score from 0 (normal mucosa) to 5 (total villous atrophy).

^bP < 0.001 vs controls;

^cP < 0.05,

^dP < 0.001 vs treated CD. Data are frequency counts (percentage of total) or the mean ± SD. Treated CD: Celiac patients on a gluten-free diet; Nontreated CD: Celiac patients not adhering to a gluten-free diet; Newly diagnosed CD: Celiac patients at diagnosis of CD; antibody titer 0: Negative; 1: Low [TGA <3x the upper limit of normal (ULN); EmA (+)]; 2: High [3xULN<TGA<10x ULN ; EmA (++)], 3: Very high [TGA>10x ULN; EmA (+++)].