Chronic opioids in gastroparesis: Relationship with gastrointestinal symptoms, healthcare utilization and employment

Table 5 Comparison of gastrointestinal symptoms between gastroparesis patients on chronic opioids and patients with no opioid use trial[10,11,27]

	GpCO	GpNO	P value
Episodes of vomiting in last 1 wk	13.0 (1.0-7.0)	11.0 (0.0-3.0)	0.002
Hours of nausea/day in last 1 wk	17.0 (3.0-18.0)	14 (1.5-12.0)	0.037
Total number of BMs in last 1 wk	14.0 (2.0-7.0)	4.0 (2.0-7.0)	0.714
AP one of the symptoms (%)	84.1% (37/43)	85.2% (132/155)	0.861
Duration of AP (yr)	12.0 (0.5-4.0)	11.5 (0.7-4.5)	0.526
Location of most severe AP	Umbilical 41.7% (15/36)	Epigastric 44.2% (57/129)	0.863
AP wakes up at night (%)	78.1% (7/32)	57.3% (71/124)	0.031
AP worse with meals (%)	76.5% (26/34)	80.0% (100/125)	0.508

¹Results with non-normal distribution. Results expressed as median with interquartile range, and percentage as appropriate. AP: Abdominal pain; BMs: Bowel movements; GpCO: Gastroparesis patients on chronic opioids; GpNO: Gastroparesis patients not on opioids.