Chronic opioids in gastroparesis: Relationship with gastrointestinal symptoms, healthcare utilization and employment

Table 2 Gastroparesis patients: Demographics, employment, social history, laboratory tests and gastric emptying test in chronic opioid using gastroparesis patients, and patients with no opioid use

	Chronic scheduled opioids	No opioids	P value
Age (median in years with IQR)	49.0 (34.0-56.0)	441.0 (30.0-55.0)	0.091
Age symptoms started (median in years with IQR)	40.0 (24.3-52.0)	433 (22.8-47.3)	0.281
Average duration of symptoms (median in years)	43.0 (1.0-15.5)	44.0 (1.0-10.0)	0.937
Previously established diagnosis of Gp (%)	90.7% (39/43)	86.7% (137/158)	0.482
Female (%)	74.4% (32/43)	81.0% (128/158)	0.341
Body mass Index (median in kg/m2 with IQR)	424..3 (22.1-29.3)	424.7 (20.3-30.8)	0.983
Race (% White)	83.3% (35/42)	83.9% (125/149)	0.917
Residing outside catchment area (50 miles)	53.5% (23/43)	51.6% (80/155)	0.828
Diabetes (%)	35.7% (15/42)	25.9% (41/158)	0.055
Surgery on stomach/esophagus (%)	28.6% (12/42)	19.1% (28/147)	0.136
Employed (%)	33.3% (14/42)	54.2% (84/155)	0.016
Working hours per week (median with IQR)	23.0 (10.5-35.0)	440 (24.5-40.0)	0.005
Smoking history, current or past (%)	46.3% (19/41)	31.2% (48/154)	0.069
Current smoker (%)	31.7% (13/41)	13.0% (20/154)	0.004
Alcohol history, current or past (%)	23.8% (10/42)	37.4% (58/155)	0.100
Current alcohol use (%)	7.3% (3/41)	20.0% (30/150)	0.057
Random cortisol (% with low cortisol1)	16.2% (6/37)	10.4% (11/106)	0.345
Hemoglobin A1c (median with IQR)	45.9% (5.3%-7.7%)	45.7% (5.4%-6.4%)	0.377
Thyroid stimulating hormone (% with high TSH2)	4.9% (2/41)	1.7% (2/116)	0.271
Trypsinogen (% with low trypsinogen3)	23.1% (6/26)	4.2% (3/72)	0.004
History of chronic pancreatitis	7.0% (3/43)	1.3% (2/158)	0.033
Gastric emptying scintigraphy: Retention at 2 h (median with IQR)	62% (50%-80%)	466% (50%-72%)	0.359
Gastric emptying scintigraphy: Retention at 4 h (median with IQR)	422% (14%-42%)	424% (15%-35%)	0.522

¹Low cortisol: AM less than 6.2 μg/dL (171 nmol/L), PM less than 2.3 μg/dL (63.4 μg/dL);

²High TSH: Greater than 4.50 μIU/mL;

³Low trypsinogen: Less than 19 ng/mL.

⁴Results with non-normal distribution. Results expressed as median ± interquartile range, or percentage as appropriate. Gp: Gastroparesis; IQR: Interquartile range; TSH: Thyroid stimulating hormone.