Negative oncologic impact of poor postoperative pain control in left-sided pancreatic cancer

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analysis of factors affecting disease-free survival and overall survival after distal pancreatectomy

Variables	Disease-free survival						Overall survival
	Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis			Univariate analysis			Multivariate analysis
	Exp (β)	95%CI	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI	P value	Exp (β)	95%CI	P value
Positive lymph node status	2.183	1.162-4.101	0.011	2.259	1.150-4.437	0.018	2.105	1.094-4.053	0.02	2.501	1.218-5.134	0.012
Tumor size (≥ 3 cm)	1.943	0.999-3.781	0.028	2.215	1.130-4.341	0.021	2.030	1.016-4.055	0.023	2.662	1.282-5.529	0.009
No adjuvant treatment	1.742	0.800-3.794	0.094	2.468	1.196-5.093	0.015	2.205	0.981-4.955	0.017	4.649	2.124-10.172	< 0.001
Poor pain control	2.934	1.158-7.430	0.001	4.157	1.938-8.915	< 0.001	2.915	1.156-7.350	0.001	4.741	2.214-10.153	< 0.001
Age (≥ 65 yr)	ND			ND			1.608	0.844-3.064	0.150	1.706	0.799-3.640	0.167
Sex (Male)	0.632	0.338-1.181	0.136	0.614	0.318-1.186	0.146	ND			ND
Operation time (≥ 300 min)	ND			ND			1.949	0.981-3.873	0.035	1.890	0.923-3.868	0.082
Intraoperative transfusion	2.788	0.903-8.612	0.005	1.745	0.688-4.425	0.241	2.159	0.729-6.396	0.056	1.986	0.750-5.257	0.167
Multivisceral resection	1.720	0.769-3.849	0.111	1.166	0.532-2.557	0.701	2.046	0.837-5.006	0.043	1.273	0.563-2.876	0.562

ND: Not determined due to lack of significance.