Trends and outcomes of pancreaticoduodenectomy for periampullary tumors: A 25-year single-center study of 1000 consecutive cases

Table 5 Postoperative pathology n (%)

Variable	Total,n = 1000	First 10 yr,1993-2002	Second 10 yr,2003-2012	Last 5 yr,2013-2017
Site of the tumor
Ampullary tumor	312 (31.2)	92 (30.7)	145 (32.8)	75 (29)
Pancreatic head mass	556 (55.6)	171 (57)	257 (58.1)	128 (49.6)	0.0001
CBD duct tumor	41 (4.1)	16 (5.3)	13 (2.9)	12 (4.7)
Duodenal tumor	61 (6.1)	20 (6.7)	27 (6.1)	14 (5.4)
Uncinate process mass	30 (3)	1 (0.3)	0	29 (11.3)
Pathological diagnosis
Adenocarcinoma	836 (83.6)	250 (83.3)	357 (80.7)	229 (88.8)
Undifferentiated carcinoma	20 (2)	1 (1.7)	19 (4.3)	0
Papillary cystadenocarcinoma	6 (0.6)	4 (1.3)	2 (0.5)	0	0.0001
Lymphoma	4 (0.4)	2 (0.6)	2 (0.5)	0
Neuroendocrine tumor	28 (2.8)	12 (4)	10 (2.3)	6 (2.3)
Solid pseudopapillary tumor	20 (2)	5 (1.7)	8 (1.8)	7 (2.7)
Chronic pancreatitis	24 (2.4)	6 (2)	14 (3.2)	4 (1.6)
Benign cyst	12 (1.2)	3 (1)	8 (1.8)	1 (0.4)
Adenoma with dysplasia	41 (4.1)	15 (5)	19 (4.3)	7 (2.7)
Gastrointestinal stromal tumor	2 (0.2)	0	1 (0.2)	1 (0.4)
Glomus	1 (0.1)	1 (0.3)	0	0
Adenosquamous	2 (0.2)	1 (0.3)	1 (0.2)	0
Pleomorphic adenoma	1 (0.1)	0	1(0.2)	0
Adenomyoma	3 (0.3)	0	0	3 (1.2)
Malignant	870 (87)	258 (86)	382 (86.4)	230 (89.1)	0.38
Borderline	48 (4.8)	17(5.7)	18 (4.1)	13 (5.1)
benign	82 (8.2)	25 (8.3)	42 (9.5)	15 (5.8)
Number of dissected lymph node	6 (0-40)	5 (0-18)	6 (0-40)	6 (0-40)	0.59
Number of lymph node infiltration	0 (0-14)	0 (0-3)	0 (0-14)	0 (0-14)	0.07
Perineural infiltration	187 (18.7)	62 (20.7)	75 (17)	50 (19.9)	0.09
Perivascular infiltration	134 (134)	40 (13.3)	66 (14.9)	28 (10.9)	0.13
Pancreatic safety margin
R1	91 (9.1)	40 (13.3)	41 (9.3)	10 (3.8)	0.01
R2	15 (1.5)	7 (2.3)	6 (1.4)	2 (0.7)