Threonine and tyrosine kinase may serve as a prognostic biomarker for gallbladder cancer

Figure 5 Diagram for possible mechanism concerning threonine and tyrosine kinase and carcinogenesis. A: Sister chromatids are properly arrayed in the equatorial plate at metaphase, with correct attachments to microtubules by kinetochores, attributed to the normal spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) safeguard mechanism; B: Aberrant TTK expression, either increased or decreased expressions, could definitely compromise the functions of the SAC, with frequent chromosome missegregation errors; C: Severe chromosome missegregation errors, due to the override of SAC function, could result in chromosomal instabilities, aneuploidy formations, cell deaths and carcinogenesis; TTK: Threonine and tyrosine kinase.