Acute colonic pseudo-obstruction: A systematic review of aetiology and mechanisms

Table 2 Prevalent medical and surgical risk factors for acute colonic pseudo-obstruction

Category	Risk factors
Surgical	Cardiac surgery, solid organ transplantation, major orthopaedic surgery, spine surgery
Cardiorespiratory	Shock, myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Neurological	Dementia, Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, stroke, spinal cord injury
Metabolic	Electrolyte imbalance, diabetes, renal failure, hepatic failure
Medications	Opiates, anti-Parkinson agents, anticholinergics, antipsychotics, cytotoxic chemotherapy, clonidine
Obstetric/gynaecological	Caesarean section, normal vaginal delivery, instrumental delivery, preeclampsia, normal pregnancy, pelvic surgery
Infectious	Varicella-zoster virus, herpes virus, cytomegalovirus
Miscellaneous	Major burns/trauma, severe sepsis, idiopathic