Prognostic factors associated with mortality in patients with gastric fundal variceal bleeding

Table 3 Factors associated with overall survival related to gastric fundal variceal bleeding

Parameters	Univariate analysis				Multivariate analysis
	β	P value	R	HR (95%CI)	β	P value	R	HR (95%CI)
Sex (F/M)	0.1107	0.8404	0	1.12 (0.38-3.28)
Age (yr)	0.0152	0.5056	0	0.98 (0.94-1.03)
History
Smoking	0.5678	0.3014	0	1.76 (0.60-5.18)
Alcohol	0.3031	0.5591	0	1.35 (0.49-3.74)
Disease conditions
Child-Pugh classification (C/B/A)	0.9924	0.03661	0.15	2.70 (1.06-6.84)
Hepatocellular carcinoma	1.8351	0.00131	0.29	6.27 (2.05-19.17)	2.0666	0.00351	0.26	7.89 (1.98-31.58)
Hepatic encephalopathy	0.5089	0.4391	0	1.66 (0.46-6.04)
Form of GFV (F2 or F3/F1)	0.3475	0.7379	0	1.42 (0.18-10.85)
Concurrent esophageal varices	−0.098	0.8596	0	0.91 (0.31-2.67)
Etiology of liver cirrhosis (non-viral/viral)	−0.086	0.8688	0	0.92 (0.33-2.54)
Treatment of GFV
Success of initial treatment	−2.176	0.00811	−0.22	0.11 (0.02-0.57)
Initial treatment (non-EIS/EIS/none)	0.0496	0.9356	0	1.05 (0.32-3.50)
Antibiotics	−0.81	0.0512	−0.07	0.44 (0.16-1.25)	−1.3103	0.03411	−0.16	0.27 (0.08-0.91)
Blood transfusion	0.5432	0.6012	0	1.72 (0.22-13.18)
Rebleeding after initial treatment	1.3669	0.00871	0.22	3.92 (1.41-10.89)
Medications administered before admission
NSAIDs	1.0131	0.0877	0.1	2.75 (0.86-8.81)	1.2391	0.1184	0.07	3.45 (0.73-16.35)
Proton pump inhibitors	1.4012	0.00841	0.22	4.06 (1.43-11.52)	2.3901	0.00051	0.32	10.91 (2.86-41.65)
Blood test results
Hemoglobin (g/dL)	−0.062	0.6398	0	0.94 (0.72-1.22)
Albumin (g/dL)	−1.081	0.0915	−0.09	0.34 (0.10-1.19)
Bilirubin (mg/dL)	0.3065	0.0514	0.13	1.36 (0.99-1.85)	0.4224	0.0535	0.13	1.53 (0.99-2.34)

¹P < 0.05. Hazard risk ratios calculated using a Cox proportional hazard model. GFV: Gastric fundal varices; EIS: Endoscopic injection sclerotherapy; NSAIDs: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.