Outcomes of preoperative endoscopic nasobiliary drainage and endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage for malignant distal biliary obstruction prior to pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 4 Univariate and multivariate analyses of the risk factors for deep abdominal infection after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Variable	Univariate		Multivariate
	OR (95%CI)	P value	OR (95%CI)	P value
Age (≥ 57 yr)	0.99 (0.48-2.02)	0.970
Gender (Male)	2.27 (1.09-4.72)	0.028	3.92 (1.63-9.47)	0.002
Hypertension	0.89 (0.27-3.01)	0.855
Cardiac disease	1.06 (0.40-2.80)	0.904
Diabetes mellitus	1.72 (0.78-3.77)	0.178
Anemia	0.65 (0.32-1.32)	0.234
Hypoproteinemia	1.05 (0.51-2.17)	0.901
Acute pancreatitis	1.55 (0.42-5.77)	0.513
Acute cholangitis	1.28 (0.41-4.06)	0.671
Malignant disease (pancreatic carcinoma)	0.60 (0.21-1.67)	0.325
TB at admission (≥ 200 µmol/L)	0.85 (0.43-1.71)	0.652
ALT at admission (≥ 200 IU/L)	1.91 (0.87-4.17)	0.106
ERBD method	2.34 (1.14-4.77)	0.020	4.08 (1.69-9.87)	0.002
EST	0.90 (0.45-1.78)	0.757
Length of biliary stricture (≥ 1.5 cm)	3.89 (1.86-8.14)	0.000	5.20 (2.23-12.16)	0.000
EBD duration (≥ 12 d)	0.91 (0.45-1.80)	0.777
Operative time (≥ 380 min)	0.72 (0.36-1.43)	0.347
Intraoperative bleeding (≥ 600 mL)	0.66 (0.31-1.40)	0.278
Blood transfusion	0.85 (0.42-1.71)	0.652
Pancreas texture (soft)	3.20 (1.53-6.66)	0.002	3.60 (1.37-9.49)	0.009
Diameter of pancreatic duct (≤ 3 mm)	2.11 (1.01-4.38)	0.046	1.60 (0.59-4.31)	0.354
Diameter of common bile duct (> 1.5 cm)	1.52 (0.76-3.04)	0.237

EST: Endoscopic sphincterotomy; EBD: Endoscopic biliary drainage; ERBD: Endoscopic retrograde biliary drainage; TB: Total bilirubin; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase.