Drug-induced liver injury in inflammatory bowel disease: 1-year prospective observational study

Table 5 Univariate analysis of risk factors for liver injury events and patterns among 251 inflammatory bowel disease patients

	Risk factors for selected liver injury events and patterns
	Persisting ALT increase		ALT > 2 × ULN		Persisting AST increase		Cholestasis
	OR; 95%CI	P value	OR; 95%CI	P value	OR; 95%CI	P value	OR; 95%CI	P value
Age1	1.01; 0.98-1.04	0.628	1.02; 0.98-1.05	0.317	1.03; 0.99-1.08	0.185	1.02; 0.98-1.06	0.300
Female gender	0.22; 0.87-0.57	0.002	0.55; 0.19-1.55	0.260	0.75; 0.20-2.86	0.672	2.62; 0.68-10.13	0.160
Body mass index1	1.13; 1.04-1.23	0.004	1.13; 1.03-1.23	0.011	1.18; 1.06-1.32	0.003	0.95; 0.82-1.08	0.413
Crohn's disease	2.03; 0.83-4.97	0.122	2.89; 0.80-10.41	0.105	1.27; 0.31-5.20	0.739	2.95; 0.62-13.94	0.173
Ulcerative colitis	0.49; 0.20-1.21	0.122	0.35; 0.10-1.25	0.105	0.79; 0.19-3.22	0.739	0.34; 0.07-1.60	0.173
Inflammatory bowel disease duration (yr)1	1.04; 0.98-1.09	0.180	1.08; 1.02-1.15	0.007	1.10; 1.03-1.18	0.006	1.04; 0.97-1.11	0.295
Prior intestinal resection	0.95; 0.40-2.28	0.915	1.10; 0.37-3.27	0.869	0.68; 0.14-3.33	0.631	7.06; 1.81-27.41	0.005
Short IBDQ questionaire score1	1.00; 0.97-1.04	0.935	0.99; 0.95-1.04	0.703	0.99; 0.94-1.06	0.925	0.98; 0.93-1.04	0.545
Fecal calprotectin on study entry (mg/g)1	0.999; 0.99-1.00	0.909	1.00; 0.99-1.00	0.895	0.99; 0.99-1.00	0.424	1.00; 0.99-1.00	0.346
C-reactive protein on study entry (mg/L)1	0.98; 0.94-1.03	0.520	0.98; 0.93-1.04	0.590	1.00; 0.95-1.06	0.907	1.04; 1.01-1.07	0.024
Inflammatory bowel disease therapy on entry
Mesalamine	0.64; 0.29-1.45	0.288	0.54; 0.19-1.51	0.241	0.34; 0.09-1.29	0.112	0.76; 0.22-2.67	0.667
No immunosupression	0.58; 0.21-1.59	0.287	0.38; 0.08-1.73	0.211	0.34; 0.41-2.77	0.314	0.61; 0.13-2.9	0.535
Steroids	0.16; 0.02-1.22	0.078	0.69; 0.15-3.13	0.627	0.60; 0.07-4.96	0.640	1.90; 0.48-7.50	0.357
Azathioprine solo	0.49; 0.14-1.69	0.258	1.00; 0.27-3.67	0.998	0.53; 0.07-4.36	0.557	3.93; 1.15-13.47	0.030
Anti-TNF therapy solo	2.72; 1.22-6.03	0.014	2.56; 0.923-7.10	0.071	5.11; 1.24-21.05	0.024	0.89; 0.23-3.46	0.870
Infliximab solo	2.80; 1.18-6.80	0.020	3.43; 1.17-10.03	0.030	4.43; 1.14-17.28	0.032	1.15; 0.24-5.50	0.866
Adalimumab solo	1.51; 0.53-4.31	0.437	0.94; 0.20-4.33	0.937	1.94; 0.39-9.79	0.420	0.65; 0.08-5.25	0.686
Combination therapy (anti-TNF and azathioprine)	0.776; 0.3-2.01	0.601	0.66; 0.18-2.39	0.525	0.36; 0.04-2.90	0.330	0.28; 0.04-2.24	0.231
Liver steatosis on ultrasound (n = 155)	7.77; 3.03-19.9	< 0.0001	7.14; 2.15-23.59	0.001	6.78; 1.53-30.03	0.012	1.45; 0.27-7.83	0.666

¹Modeled as continuous variables. ULN: Upper limit of normal; ALT: Alanine aminotransferase; AST: Aspratate aminotransferase.