Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Recent update

Table 2 Mutations detected in gallbladder cancer by low throughput methods

Studied gene	Type of study	Methods used	Studied population	Ref.
KRAS	Mutation at codon-12 (8%)	PCR-RFLP	India	[64]
	Mutation at codon-12 (29%-30%)	PCR-RFLP	Chile	[76,77]
	Mutation at codon-12 (0%-59%)	PCR-RFLP, Direct sequencing	Japan	[60,78,79]
	Mutation at codon-12 (50%-80%)	ELMA, SAB, PCR-SSCP, Direct sequencing	Japan	[63,80]
INK4A (p16)	Mutation, deletion	PCR-RFLP, direct sequencing, IHC	Japan, Chile	[54,79,81,82]
D310 mtDNA	Mutation (Displacement loop)	PCR-based assay, direct sequencing	Chile	[83]
TP53	Mutation, overexpression, LOH	PCR-RFLP, direct sequencing, IHC	Greece, Japan, Chile	[84-86]