Gallbladder cancer epidemiology, pathogenesis and molecular genetics: Recent update

Table 1 Etiological factors for gallbladder cancer pathogenesis

Major Independent Etiological factors	Dependent Etiological factors
Age[6]	Tobacco consumption[15]
Sex[6], BMI[16]	Mustard oil[17] Argemone oil (AO) and butter yellow (BY)[18]
Family history[7,19]	Early age at first pregnancy[20]
Cholelithiasis[6,22-24]	Use of Oral contraceptives[15,25,26]
Chronic cholecystitis, porcelain gallbladder[27,28]	Red Chili pepper[29,30]
Chronic infection by Salmonella species, S. paratyphi or S. typhican[6,10,31-34]	Occupational exposure, Benzene[17,35]
Helocobacter pylori[36,37]	Secondary bile acids[13,38-40]
High parity[20,21,24,26]	Xanthogranulomatous cholecystitis[41]
Anomalous pancreatobiliary duct junction[42,43]	Heavy metals[44,45]
Porcelain gallbladder[46]	Genetic factors[48]
Gallbladder polyp[47]
Obesity[49]	Free radical oxidation products[50]