Brain changes detected by functional magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy in patients with Crohn's disease

Table 1 Studies of blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy in Crohn's disease

Ref.	Destination	Inspection	Location	Main metabolites	Results
Agostini et al[37], 2013	Habituation to stress in CD	BOLD-fMRI (Task-state)	Brain	NA	Different neural activities in the amygdala, hippocampus, insula, putamen and cerebellar between CD patients and controls
Bao et al[38], 2016	Brain activity in paracmastic CD patients	BOLD-fMRI (Resting-state)	Brain	NA	ReHo values: Abdominal pain: insula, MCC, SMA↑, temporal pole↓; Without abdominal pain: hoppocampal/parahippocampial cortex↑, dorsomedial prefrontal cortex↓
Bezabeh et al[41], 2001	Diagnosis in CD and UC	MRS	Colonic mucosal	Taurine, lysine, lipid, choline, creatine	The diagnostic spectral regions include taurine, lysine, and lipids
Varma et al[42], 2007	Early screening of IBD	MRS	Colonic mucosal	Creatinine and phosphatidylcholine	Triglycerides, creatine, phosphocholine and glycerol backbone of lipids are the most discriminatory metabolites
Fathi et al[43], 2014	Biomarkers of CD	MRS	Serum	Alanine, glutamine, leucine/isoleucine, lysine and valine	Two chemical shifts of isoleucine (0.99 ppm) and valine (1.03 ppm) have considerable impact for discriminating patient and normal samples

BOLD-fMRI: Blood oxygenation level dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging; CD: Crohn's disease; IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease; MCC: Middle cingulate cortex; MRS: Magnetic resonance spectroscopy; NA: Not available; ReHo: Regional homogeneity; SMA: Supplementary motor area; UC: Ulcerative colitis.