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©The Author(s) 2017.
World J Gastroenterol. May 28, 2017; 23(20): 3589-3606
Published online May 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3589
Published online May 28, 2017. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3589
Table 2 Outbreaks of acute hepatitis A in the men who have sex with men population
Ref. | Location | Study period | Case number | Male | MSM | HIV-positive patients | Age (yr) | Risk factors1 and comments |
Europe | ||||||||
Høybye et al[43] | Copenhagen, Denmark | 1977-1978 | 45 | 45 | 21 | NA | 29 | |
Christenson et al[44] | Stockholm, Sweden | 1979-1980 | 145 | 145 | 145 | NA | NA | Multiple partners and oral-anal sexual contact |
Mindel et al[45] | London, United Kingdom | 1980 | 24 | NA | 23 | NA | NA | HAV infection was associated with homosexual activity |
Kani et al[46] | London, United Kingdom | 1989-1990 | 7000 | NA | 41 | NA | NA | Oral-anal sexual contact |
Atkins et al[47] | London, United Kingdom | 1989-1992 | 206 | 121 | 65 | NA | NA | Oral-anal sexual contact and sexual promiscuity |
Leentvaar-Kuijpers et al[48] | Amsterdam, the Netherlands | 1992-1993 | 293 | NA | 39 | NA | NA | Visiting saunas and darkrooms |
Walsh et al[49] | Thames region, United Kingdom | 1995 | 481 | NA | 58 | NA | NA | Oral-anal and digital-rectal intercourse |
Stene-Johansen et al[50] | Oslo, Norway | 1995-1998 | 26 | 26 | 26 | NA | NA | |
Bell et al[51] | London and East Sussex, United Kingdom | 1997 | 48 | NA | 41 | NA | NA | Eating shellfish and sex in gay saunas |
Manfredi et al[52] | Bologna, Italy | 1999-2004 | 122 | 104 | 81 | 11 | 28 | Unprotected sexual contact |
Mazick et al[53] | Copenhagen, Denmark | 2004 | 18 | 18 | 18 | NA | NA | Casual sex and sex in gay saunas |
Girardi et al[54] | Rome, Italy | 2002-2008 | 473 | 368 | 115 | 57 | 25-64 | Same gender sex |
Routine HIV test in HAV-infected patients should be considered | ||||||||
Bordi et al[55] | Rome, Italy | 2008-2010 | 162 | 143 | 34 | 14 | 36 | Monophyletic HAV strain sustained the outbreak |
Tortajada et al[56] | Barcelona, Spain | 2002 | 48 | 47 | NA | 28% | 31 | |
2003-2004 | 60 | 60 | NA | 24% | 32 | |||
2008-2009 | 189 | 185 | NA | 21% | 33 | |||
Dabrowska et al[57] | Warsaw, Poland | 2007-2008 | 860 | NA | 50 | 6 | 28 | No difference in disease severity between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals |
Tortajada et al[58] | Barcelona, Spain | 2008-2009 | 150 | 126 | 87 | NA | 33 | |
Sfetcu et al[59] | Northern Ireland, United Kingdom | 2008-2009 | 38 | 36 | 26 | NA | 29 | The outbreak strain was indistinguishable from that in Czech Republic |
Taffon et al[60] | Tuscany, Italy | 2008 | 240 | NA | 32% | NA | NA | A unique circulating HAV strain |
North America | ||||||||
Kosatsky et al[61] | Anchorage, Alaska | 1982-1983 | 17 | 17 | 17 | NA | 19-31 | |
Desenclos et al[62] | Florida, United States | 1988-1989 | 311 | 69 | 26 | NA | NA | |
Henning et al[63] | New York, United States | 1991 | 180 | 180 | 62 | NA | 20-49 | Anonymous sex partner, group sex, oral-anal and digital-rectal intercourse |
Allard et al[64] | Montréal, Canada | 1996-1997 | 376 | 376 | 376 | NA | 33 | Vaccination campaign achieving 20%-41% coverage in MSM decreased incidence rapidly |
Finton et al[65] | Atlanta, United States | 1996 | 222 | NA | 75% | NA | NA | Vaccination campaign in MSM decreased reported cases |
Cotter et al[66] | Ohio, United States | 1998-1999 | 136 | 118 | 47 | NA | 33 | Contact with hepatitis A cases |
Asia-Pacific region | ||||||||
Stewart et al[67] | Melbourne, Australia | 1991 | 495 | 407 | 210 | NA | NA | Sexual and social contact |
Stokes et al[68] | Sydney, Australia | 1991-1992 | 570 | 515 | 330 | NA | 31 | Sexual contact was the most reported contact type |
Ferson et al[69] | Sydney, Australia | 1991-1996 | 1138 | 991 | 587 | NA | 30 | Household or sexual contact |
Delpech et al[70] | Sydney, Australia | 1997-1999 | 354 | 265 | 139 | NA | 32 | |
Chen et al[71] | Taiwan | 2015-2016 | > 1000 | NA | > 70% | > 60% | NA | A total of 1296 cases reported as of February, 2017 |
- Citation: Lin KY, Chen GJ, Lee YL, Huang YC, Cheng A, Sun HY, Chang SY, Liu CE, Hung CC. Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review. World J Gastroenterol 2017; 23(20): 3589-3606
- URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v23/i20/3589.htm
- DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v23.i20.3589