Hepatitis A virus infection and hepatitis A vaccination in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients: A review

Table 1 Seroprevalence of hepatitis A virus infection among human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients and at-risk populations

Ref.	Location	Study period	Study population	Age (yr)	HIV-positive population	Other populations	Associated factors1 and comments
HIV-positive population
Nandwani et al[26]	London, United Kingdom	1993	255 men attending genitourinary clinics	32	41.3%	MSM, 32.4%	No difference between homosexual and heterosexual men
						Heterosexuals, 30.0%
						Unknown HIV status, 26.4%
Fainboim et al[27]	Buenos Aires, Argentina	1994-1995	484 HIV-positive patients	29	84.0%	HIV-positive MSM, 83.3%	High seroprevalence without difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals
						HIV-positive heterosexuals, 86.3%
						HIV-positive IDUs, 85.7%
						Blood donors, 82.4%
Aloise et al[28]	Rio de Janeiro, Brazil	1988-2004	581 HIV-positive patients	35	79.8%	NA	Older age and lower educational level
Lee et al[29]	Tainan, Taiwan	2000-2005	484 patients with recent diagnosed HIV infection	36	65.8%	HIV-positive MSM, 40.0%;	Seroprevalence increased with age and among heterosexuals
						HIV-positive heterosexuals, 85.2%
						HIV-positive IDUs, 70.1%
Sun et al[30]	Taiwan	2004-2007	1580 HIV-positive patients	39	60.9%	HIV-positive MSM, 50.5%	Older age and injecting drug use
						HIV-positive heterosexuals, 79.3%	Higher seroprevalence in HIV-positive individuals
						HIV-positive IDUs, 62.0%
						HIV-negative individuals, 48.0%
Davoudi et al[31]	Tehran, Iran	2005-2006	247 HIV-positive patients	36	96.3%	NA
Hoover et al[32]	6 major cities2, United States	2004-2007	627 HIV-positive MSM	41	16.1%3	NA	Low HAV screening and vaccination rates (28.5%)
Linkins et al[33]	Bangkok, Thailand	2006-2008	1291 MSM	27	32.4%3	HIV-negative MSM, 25.5%	Older age and lower education level
Baek et al[34]	Seoul, South Korea	2008-2010	188 HIV-positive patients	39	62.8%	HIV-positive MSM, 57.1%	Older age
						HIV-positive heterosexuals, 65.8%
Tseng et al[35]	Taipei, Taiwan	2009-2010	1128 MSM	18-40	15.1%3	HIV-negative MSM, 7.4%	Older age
							No difference between HIV-positive and HIV-negative individuals
Kourkounti et al[36]	Athens, Greece	2007-2011	897 HIV-positive MSM	41	35.7%3	NA	Older age and being foreigners
At-risk populations (MSM and IDUs)
Corey et al[15]	Seattle, United States	1977-1979	159 patients from STD clinics	31	NA	MSM, 30.4% (annual incidence, 22%)	Oral-anal sexual contact
						Heterosexuals, 12.3% (annual incidence, 0%)	Higher seroprevalence and incidence in MSM
McFarlane et al[12]	Nova Scotia, Canada	1977-1978	421 patients from STD clinics	25	NA	MSM, 42.4%	Higher number of sex partners and older age
						Heterosexuals, 39.2%
						Blood donors, 12.6%
						Student nurses, 13.2%
Kryger et al[16]	Copenhagen, Denmark	1979	269 men with previous syphilis	33	NA	MSM, 36.0%;	More episodes of syphilis in younger MSM
						Heterosexual, 20.0%
Coutinho et al[17]	Amsterdam, the Netherlands	1980-1982	689 MSM	31	NA	MSM, 42.0% (incidence, 14.0%)	Longer duration of homosexual activity
Crofts et al[22]	Victoria, Australia	1990-1992	2175 prison entrants	30	NA	IDU, 43.7%	History of incarceration
			293 IDUs			Prison entrants, 60.1%
						Blood donors, 30.0%
Katz et al[18]	San Francisco and Berkeley, United States	1992-1993	411 MSM	21	NA	MSM, 28.0%	Sexual and drug-using behaviors
Villano et al[13]	Baltimore, United States	1993-1994	294 MSM	NA	NA	MSM, 32.3%	Increased risk for HAV infection in MSM and IDUs
			292 IDUs			IDU, 66.4%
						Blood donors, 13.7%
Corona et al[19]	Rome, Italy	1997	432 male patients from STD clinics	NA	NA	MSM, 60.3%	Older age and more sexual partner
						Heterosexual, 62.2%
Ochnio et al[14]	Vancouver, Canada	1998	494 individuals from street outreach clinics	32	NA	MSM, 25.5%	Increased risk for HAV infection in MSM and IDUs
						IDU, 42.6%
						Street youth, 6.3%
Ross et al[21]	Birmingham, United Kingdom	2000	210 men attending genitourinary clinics	NA	NA	MSM, 23.0%; Heterosexual men, 32.0%	Ethnicity, older age, and history of sex in a sauna
Diamond et al[37]	Washington, United States	1997-2000	833 MSM	15-29	NA	MSM, 21.0%	Ethnicity, IDU, HBV and HIV infection
							Vaccination rate, 21%
Bialek et al[20]	7 major cities4, United States	1994-2000	2708 MSM	15-29	NA	MSM, 18.4%	More male sex partners and unprotected anal sex
O’Riordan et al[38]	London, United Kingdom	2004	395 MSM attending genitourinary clinics	NA	NA	MSM, 49.9%
Van Rijckevorsel et al[39]	Amsterdam, the Netherlands	1992-2006	1697 hepatitis A patients	NA	NA	Incidence, 0.97/1000 MSM	Clustered transmission in social MSM networks
Removille et al[23]	Luxembourg	2005	368 problem drug users	NA	NA	IDUs, 57.1%
						nIDUs, 65.9%
Bozicevic et al[40]	Zagreb, Croatia	2006	360 MSM	27	NA	MSM, 14.2%
Weerakoon et al[41]	Melbourne, Australia	2002-2011	3055 MSM	33	NA	MSM, 39.0%	Vaccination levels over 40%-50% to prevent outbreaks
Ali et al[42]	Sydney, Australia	1996-2012	14799 MSM	30	NA	MSM, 31.9% in 1996 to 63.8% in 2012	Vaccination rate, 9.8% in 1996 to 45.2% in 2012

¹Factors associated with HAV seropositivity were identified by bivariate or multivariable logistic regression analysis;

²The 6 major cities included Atlanta, Chicago, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, and San Francisco;

³Only HIV-positive MSM were included;

⁴The 7 major cities included Baltimore, Dallas, Los Angeles, Miami, New York City, San Francisco, and Seattle. HAV: Hepatitis A virus; IDUs: Injecting drug users; MSM: Men who have sex with men; NA: Not available; nIDUs: Non-injecting drug users; STD: Sexually transmitted disease.