Consequences of metabolic syndrome on postoperative outcomes after pancreaticoduodenectomy

Table 4 Risk factors of pancreatic fistula n (%)

	No pancreatic fistula (n = 185)	Pancreatic fistula (n = 85)	Univariate analysis	Multivariable analysis
			P value	HR	95%CI	P value
Preoperative characteristics
Male gender	108 (58)	61 (72)	0.023	1.45	0.038-9.204	0.418
Age > 75 yr	33 (18)	17 (20)	0.394
ASA score ≤ 2	161 (87)	65 (76)	0.125
BMI > 30 kg/m2	6 (3)	11 (13)	0.005	2.02	1.034-3.284	0.041
Diabetes	33 (18)	11 (13)	0.193
Hypertension	57 (31)	37 (44)	0.041	1.03	0.005-14.58	0.250
Dyslipidemia	33 (18)	25 (29)	0.132
Metabolic syndrome	16 (9)	13 (15)	0.137
Coronary heart disease	10 (5)	11 (13)	0.049	3.51	0.108-2.071	0.865
COPD	7 (4)	1 (1)	0.443
Alcohol	21 (11)	16 (19)	0.083	0.25	0.024-3.578	0.725
Tobacco	28 (15)	20 (23)	0.125
Malignant disease	165 (89)	73 (86)	0.825
Surgical procedures
Pancreatogastrostomy	76 (41)	33 (39)	0.893
Soft pancreatic texture	42 (23)	32 (38)	0.001	3.37	1.124-3.217	0.001
Pancreatic duct diameter < 3 mm	55 (30)	42 (49)	0.003	1.45	1.045-2.452	0.025
Vein resection	38 (20.5)	6 (7.0)	0.002	2.25	0.045-4.393	0.486
Arterial resection	2 (1.0)	0 (0)	0.925
Visceral resection	17 (9)	7 (8)	0.499
Perioperative transfusion	27 (15)	14 (16)	0.528

MS: Metabolic syndrome; ASA: American society of anesthesiologists; BMI: Body mass index; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.