Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 5 Urinary metabolites differentially expressed in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis

No.	Metabolites	VIP-value (OPLS-DA)	P value (t-test)	Fold change
ESI+
1	L-Carnitine	1.253	0.067	-0.727
2	L-Dopa	0.952	0.092	0.234
3	Acetylcarnitine	1.181	0.094	-0.698
4	L-Histidine	1.229	0.081	-1.339
5	Pyroglutamic acid	1.541	0.021	0.143
6	3-Methylxanthine	2.403	0.002	-1.981
7	α-D-Glucose	1.739	0.013	-1.376
8	5-Hydroxyferulate	0.895	0.058	-0.266
9	2-Oxosuberate	0.850	0.073	-0.315
10	p-Hydroxyphenylacetic acid	1.354	0.095	0.398
11	3-Indoleacetic Acid	0.915	0.052	-0.378
12	β-Estradiol	1.883	0.002	-0.635
13	Phosphorylcholine	1.731	0.032	0.716
14	17α-Hydroxypregnenolone	0.854	0.087	-0.281
15	Deoxycorticosterone	0.865	0.093	-0.312
16	Progesterone	0.866	0.084	-0.301
ESI-
17	2-Keto-glutaramic acid	1.653	0.027	0.210
18	cAMP	1.659	0.041	0.196
19	7-Methylxanthine	1.595	0.036	-0.925
20	(S)-(-)-2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid	1.344	0.089	-0.250
21	Gluconic acid	1.638	0.025	-1.111
22	N-Acetylproline	1.865	0.021	0.399
23	Acetyl-DL-valine	1.636	0.053	0.284
24	Pyridoxal phosphate	1.490	0.050	-0.990
25	N-Acetyl-DL-tryptophan	1.440	0.059	-0.951
26	2-Keto-D-gluconic acid	1.258	0.088	-0.340
27	D-(+)-3-Phenyllactic acid	2.021	0.017	-1.621
28	Indoleactic acid	1.495	0.051	0.832
29	3-Hydroxy-sebacic acid	1.270	0.092	-0.292
30	Sebacic acid	1.847	0.024	0.420
31	Deoxyguanosine	1.548