Urinary metabolomics analysis identifies key biomarkers of different stages of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

Table 4 Urinary metabolites differentially expressed in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis patients and healthy controls

No.	Metabolites	VIP-value (OPLS-DA)	P value (t-test)	Fold change
E
ESI+
1	L-Lysine	1.291	0.007	-0.747
2	Suberic acid	1.037	0.032	-0.370
3	L-Carnitine	1.015	0.036	0.804
4	Creatinine	1.052	0.030	0.206
5	L-Valine/betaine	1.668	0.000	-0.852
6	Citrulline	1.539	0.001	-0.451
7	L-Dopa	1.249	0.009	-0.322
8	Acetylcarnitine	1.213	0.012	0.971
9	Nα-Acetyl-L-arginine	1.128	0.019	-0.658
10	L-Threonine	1.009	0.037	-0.300
11	L-Tyrosine	1.217	0.011	-0.304
12	Uridine	1.106	0.022	0.114
13	Hypoxanthine	2.406	0.000	1.093
14	2'-O-Methyladenosine	1.345	0.005	0.222
15	1-Methylguanine	1.921	0.000	0.744
16	6-Hydroxynicotinic acid	1.617	0.001	-0.957
17	Adipic acid	1.635	0.001	-0.808
18	Glycerophosphocholine	1.623	0.001	0.299
19	cAMP	2.233	0.000	0.417
20	L-Proline	1.046	0.031	0.397
21	Dimethyl fumarate	1.716	0.000	-0.627
22	5-Hydroxy-L-tryptophan	1.118	0.021	0.190
23	Xanthosine	1.467	0.002	0.318
24	D-Ribose	0.994	0.040	0.141
25	2-Methylguanosine	2.145	0.000	0.528
26	Butyryl-L-carnitine	1.941	0.000	0.569
27	α-Hydroxyhippuric acid	1.134	0.019	-0.540
28	Gluconic acid	1.098	0.023	-0.537
29	N-Acetylproline	1.486	0.002	0.491
30	Kynurenic acid	1.543	0.001	0.465
31	Indoxylsulfuric acid	1.444	0.002	0.494
32	Ferulic acid	0.982	0.043	-0.948
33	5-Hydroxyindoleacetic acid	1.420	0.003	0.312
34	Acetyl-DL-leucine	1.419	0.003	-0.522
35	Indole-3-carboxylic acid	0.969	0.046	0.359
36	3-Indoleacetic acid	1.055	0.029	-0.458
37	6β-Hydroxytestosterone	2.074	0.000	0.929
38	Estrone glucuronide	1.111	0.021	-1.448
39	PGA2 methyl ester	1.305	0.006	0.389
40	Cortisol	1.864	0.000	0.658
41	Tetrahydrocortisone	1.173	0.015	0.412
42	Corticosterone	1.165	0.016	0.406
43	Deoxycorticosterone	1.502	0.002	0.551
44	Cortisone	1.444	0.002	0.633
45	Ethisterone	1.541	0.001	0.689
46	EPA	0.953	0.050	0.456
47	Decanoyl-L-carnitine	1.295	0.007	0.828
48	Androsterone	2.370	0.000	0.741
49	Lauroylcarnitine	1.455	0.002	0.700
50	Palmitic amide	1.277	0.008	0.674
51	Stearamide	1.655	0.000	1.008
52	Ursodeoxycholic acid	1.231	0.010	0.398
ESI-
53	N-Acetylneuraminic acid	0.993	0.034	-0.257
54	5-aminosalicylic acid	2.042	0.000	-0.877
55	Guanine	1.082	0.021	-0.369
56	p-Coumaric acid	1.315	0.004	-0.852
57	2-Keto-glutaramic acid	1.058	0.024	0.201
58	L-2-Aminoadipic acid	0.968	0.039	0.265
59	N-Acetyl-L-glutamic acid	1.046	0.026	0.248
60	Pyroglutamic acid	2.089	0.000	0.483
61	2-Deoxy-D-ribose	1.040	0.026	-0.672
62	N-Acetylaspartylglutamic acid	1.091	0.020	0.250
63	(S)-2-Hydroxyglutarate	1.512	0.001	-0.754
64	Vanillylmandelic acid	1.065	0.023	0.269
65	(S)-(-)-2-Hydroxyisocaproic acid	1.449	0.002	-0.487
66	Salicyluric acid	0.975	0.038	-0.792
67	2-Phenylglycine	0.943	0.045	-0.829
68	Succinylacetone	0.973	0.038	0.405
69	Veratric acid	0.944	0.045	-0.573
70	Acetyl-DL-valine	0.956	0.042	0.264
71	Salicylic acid	1.034	0.027	-0.574
72	Indoxylsulfuric acid	1.573	0.001	0.542
73	2-Isopropylmalic acid	0.934	0.047	-0.817
74	Caffeic acid 3-sulfate	0.929	0.048	-2.412
75	Dihydroferulic acid 4-sulfate	1.351	0.003	-1.229
76	Pyridoxal phosphate	0.965	0.040	-1.215
77	2,3-Dihydroxybenzoic acid	1.702	0.000	-1.477
78	L-Glutamine	1.070	0.022	0.288
79	3-Methyladipic acid	1.838	0.000	-1.158
80	Ferulic acid 4-sulfate	1.903	0.000	-1.748
81	Isoferulic acid 3-O-glucuronide	1.438	0.002	-2.353
82	2-Keto-D-gluconic acid	1.594	0.000	-0.890
83	(±)-Propionylcarnitine	1.639	0.000	0.816
84	Indolelactic acid	1.420	0.002	1.305
85	3-Methylsuberic acid	1.460	0.001	-1.358
86	L-Homocitrulline	1.484	0.001	-1.419
87	Androsterone sulfate	1.735	0.000	0.680
88	L-Homotyrosine	1.384	0.003	-0.464