Minimally invasive surgery for gastric cancer: A comparison between robotic, laparoscopic and open surgery

Table 3 Surgical and post-operative clinical outcomes n (%)

	Open	Laparoscopy	Robotic	P value
Operative time (min)	198.67 ± 59.66	220.37 ± 91.89	365.44 ± 80.92	< 0.0001
EBL (mL)	127.26 ± 79.50	95.93 ± 119.22	117.91 ± 68.11	0.002
LN retrieved	25.82 ± 12.07	24.58 ± 13.56	27.78 ± 11.45	0.07
R0 resections	287 (95.0)	145 (96.0)	148 (98.0)	0.59
Intraoperative blood transfusion	9 (3)	7 (4.6)	4 (2.6)	0.56
Intraoperative complications	5 (1.7)	3 (2)	2 (1.3)	0.9
Hospital stay (d)	12.68 ± 5.88	9.07 ± 9.16	8.85 ± 5.82	< 0.0001
Mobilization (d)	2.36 ± 1.34	2.7 ± 1.51	1.42 ± 1.27	< 0.0001
Liquid diet (d)	5.79 ± 3.30	4.12 ± 3.37	3.21 ± 2.49	< 0.0001
Soft solid diet (d)	8.36 ± 5.45	5.73 ± 7.00	4.23 ± 3.79	< 0.0001
Resumption of peristalsis (d)	2.64 ± 0.67	2.52 ± 0.68	2.35 ± 1.16	0.003
First flatus (d)	4.01 ± 1.05	3.75 ± 0.76	3.23 ± 1.33	< 0.0001
Drain removal (d)	8.5 ± 3.55	6.44 ± 4.61	6.05 ± 8.69	< 0.0001
NG removal (d)	4.92 ± 1.88	3.98 ± 1.74	2.82 ± 2.01	< 0.0001
Intravenous antibiotic use (d)	6.13 ± 3.84	4.58 ± 3.52	3.92 ± 4.27	< 0.0001
Intravenous analgesic use (d)	3.79 ± 1.48	2.9 ± 0.91	3.44 ± 1.78	< 0.0001
Post-operative transfusion	19 (6.3)	13 (8.6)	13 (8.6)	0.56
Complications (patients)	59 (19.5)	18 (11.9)	27 (17.9)	0.13

EBL: Estimated blood loss; LN: Lymph nodes; NG: Nasogastric tube.