Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on novel oral anticoagulants: Risk, prevention and management

Table 3 Risk factors for novel oral anticoagulant-related gastrointestinal bleeding

Risk factors	Definition
Higher dose of dabigatran and edoxaban	Dabigatran: a dose of 150 mg b.i.d
	Edoxaban: a dose of 60 mg daily
Concomitant use of ulcerogenic agents	Antiplatelet agents, NSAIDs or steroid
Older age	Age ≥ 75 years
Renal impairment	Creatinine clearance < 50 mL/min
Prior history of peptic ulcers or GIB
Helicobacter pylori infection
Pre-existing GI tract lesions	Examples like diverticulosis, angiodysplasias
Ethnicity	Western population
HAS-BLED score	Score of ≥ 3
Protective factors	Definition
Gastroprotective agents	Proton pump inhibitors or histamine H2-receptor antagonists

NOAC: Novel oral anticoagulant; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding; NSAIDs: Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.