Gastrointestinal bleeding in patients on novel oral anticoagulants: Risk, prevention and management

Table 1 Characteristics of different novel oral anticoagulants

	Dabigatran	Rivaroxaban	Apixaban	Edoxaban
Mechanism of action	Anti-thrombin	Anti-factor Xa	Anti-factor Xa	Anti-factor Xa
Bioavailability	7%	66%	50%	60%
Tmax (h)	1.5	2.5	3	1-5
T½ (h)	9-17	6-13	12	12
Dosing	b.i.d	once daily	b.i.d	once daily
Renal excretion	High	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Hepatic metabolism	Low	Moderate	Moderate	Moderate
Reversal agents	Idarucizumab1	Andexanet alfa	Andexanet alfa	Andexanet alfa
	Aripazine	Aripazine	Aripazine	Aripazine

¹Idarucizumab is the only FDA-approved specific reversal agent currently. Tmax: Time to peak plasma level; T½: Half-life; GIB: Gastrointestinal bleeding.