Role of illness perception and self-efficacy in lifestyle modification among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

Table 1 Description of disease perceptions, illness emotional representation, perceived illness consequences, self-efficacy and reported nutritional habits among non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients

Variable (n = 146)	Items	% of patients who responded 4 and above (range 1-5)
Disease perceptions
Time line perception	1. How long do you think your NAFLD will continue?	53.6%
Treatment perception	2. How much do you believe that there is a treatment that can help in reducing or healing NAFLD	72.6%
Symptoms	3. How much do you experience symptoms due to NAFLD?	9.0%
Illness understanding degree	4. How well do you feel that you understand what NAFLD is?	42.8%
Emotional representation	5. How concerned are you about having NAFLD?	60.0%
	6. How much does your illness (NAFLD) affect you emotionally? (e.g., does it make you angry, scared, upset or depressed?)	20.0%
Illness consequences	7. To what extent having a NAFLD affects your everyday life?	13.7%
	8. To what extent do you believe that NAFLD is a severe health problem?	59.6%
	9. To what extent do you believe that NAFLD is a disease?	50.0%
	10. To what extent do you anticipate having medical complications due to NAFLD?	46.6%
Self-efficacy	11. I'm sure that I can make the time and persist in performing physical activity even if I'm very busy at work or at home	63.0%
	12. I'm sure that I can persist keeping low fat diet	71.9%
	13. I'm sure that I can persist in keeping low sugar diet	67.1%
	14. I'm sure that I can persist in keeping low sodium diet	72.6%
	15. I'm sure that I can persist in eating smaller portions during my meals	64.1%
	16. I'm sure that I can avoid buying snacks and candies	61.0%
	17. I'm sure that I can persist in keeping a food diary	51.7%
Nutrition habits1	18. I make an effort to reduce the amount of fat in my diet	88.8%
	19. I make an effort to reduce the amount of calories in my diet	67.5%
	20. I make an effort to reduce the amount of sugar and sweats in my diet	83.3%
	21. I make an effort to reduce soft drinks consumption (with sugar not diet)	89.5%
	22. I make an effort to reduce red meat and sausages consumption	65.1%
	23. I make an effort to increase vegetables consumption	79.4%

¹Percent of respondents that answered YES to each item. NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.