Maximizing the endosonography: The role of contrast harmonics, elastography and confocal endomicroscopy

Table 8 Needle confocal laser endosonography features of different cystic lesions of the pancreas

Type of lesion	nCLE features	Diagnostic rate, references
SCA	A vascular network of the cystic wall	Sn = 69%, Sp = 100%, PPV = 100%, NPV = 82%[100]
MCN	A gray band delineated by a thin dark line	Sn = 80%, Sp = 100%[103]
		Sn = 67%, Sp = 96%[100]
IPMN	Papillary projections: characterized by the alternation of vascular cores (white) and epithelial borders	Sn = 59%, Sp = 100%[102]
		Sn = 80%, Sp = 92%[100]
Pseudocyst	Inflammatory cells bright, gray and black particles	Sn = 43%, Sp = 100%, Acc = 87%[100]
Cystic NET	Dark irregular clusters of compact cells + gray tissue of fibrovascular stroma	Sn = 67%, Sp = 96%, Acc = 90%[100]

nCLE: Needle confocal laser endosonography; SCA: Serous cystadenoma; MCN: Mucinous cystic neoplasm; IPMN: Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm; NET: Neuroendocrine tumor; Sn: Sensitivity; Sp: Specificity; PPV: Positive predictive value; NPV: Negative predictive value; Acc: Accuracy.