Dietary saturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid oppositely affect hepatic NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome through regulating nuclear factor-kappa B activation

Figure 3 Combined effect of free fatty acids with lipopolysaccharide on NOD-like receptor protein 3 inflammasome activation in hepatocytes. Primary hepatocytes were isolated and treated with either PA (0.5 mmol/L) or DHA (50 μmol/L) combined with LPS (1 μg/mL). A: mRNA expression of NOD-like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome components; B: Protein expression of NLRP3 and caspase-1; C: Caspase-1 activity; and D: Culture supernatant IL-1β level. Values are mean ± SEM, ^aP < 0.05, ^bP < 0.01 vs LPS control, n = 3 experiments. NF-κB: Nuclear factor-kappa B; PA: Palmitic acid; DHA: Docosahexaenoic acid; LPS: Lipopolysaccharide; FFAs: Free fatty acids; GAPDH: Reduced glyceraldehyde-phosphate dehydrogenase. IL-1β: Interleukine-1 beta