Coagulopathy and transfusion therapy in pediatric liver transplantation

Table 4 Reference parameters for Thromboelastogram in healthy and pathologic pediatric populations

Ref.	Type of patient	Age	n	R, min	k, min	Alpha, 0	MA, mm	Lys30, %	Note
Rajwal et al[113]	Healthy	1-15 yr	14	17.4 ± 3.6	7.6 ± 1.4	31.2 ± 4.8	52.6 ± 6.4	0.8 ± 1.0	Native blood
				7.7 ± 2.6	3.1 ± 1.4	55 ± 10.5	57.6 ± 3.7	1.9 ± 1.2	recalcified blood
Pivalizza et al[114]	Healthy	< 13 mo	25	10.1 ± 3.1	2.4 ± 0.5	74.2 ± 3.5	70.2 ± 6.1	3.4 ± 2.9	Celite as activator
		13-24 mo	33	9.8 ± 3.3	2.5 ± 0.6	73.2 ± 3.1	70.2 ± 4.7	2.1 ± 1.3
		25-48 mo	24	10.5 ± 3.0	2.7 ± 0.7	71.2 ± 4.2	68.4 ± 5.2	2.1 ± 1.4
		49 mo-9 yr	29	9.6 ± 2.5	2.8 ± 0.6	72.9 ± 4.2	70.5 ± 3.3	2.0 ± 1.1
Edwards et al[112]	Healthy	Newborn	59	5.3 ± 1.3	1.6 ± 0.4	67.2 ± 4.5	61.8 ± 4.6	0.7 ± 0.7	Cord blood, recalcified blood
		8.7 ± 2.6 yr	44	8.7 ± 2.6	2.1 ± 0.7	61.6 ± 7.1	59.6 ± 4.2	0.2 ± 1.3	Recalcified blood
Chan et al[29]	Healthy	< 1 yr	24	7.7 (4.5-11.6)	1.8 (1.2-2.3)	66.5 (58.8-73.4)	67.2 (60.7-73.2)	3.8 (0.3-8.4)	Mean and 2.5%-97.5%
		1-5 yr	24	8.3 (5.7-10.9)	2.0 (1.4-3.3)	63.6 (53.8-70.3)	65.2 (57.6-71.3)	3.0 (0.2-7.8)
		6-10 yr	26	7.8 (5.3-11.0)	2.0 (1.4-2.8)	63.9 (54.3-70.7)	65.0 (57.3-72.8)	3.3 (0.2-6.2)
		11-16 yr	26	6.9 (3.8-11.1)	1.9 (1.2-2.9)	65.1 (54.9-73.2)	66.5 (56.8-74.4)	3.7 (0.5-8.0)
Brenn et al[115]	Cerebral palsy	15 ± 3 yr	15	4.8 ± 1.0	1.6 ± 0.6	68 ± 8	65 ± 8		Patients undergoing spinal fusion surgery
	Idiopathic scoliosis	14 ± 1.5 yr	15	5.0 ± 0.6	1.3 ± 0.4	71 ± 5	70 ± 4
Kang et al[55]	Cirrhotic undergoing liver transplant	9 mo-7 yr	8	9.6 ± 6.2			46.9 ± 11.5		Baseline
				7.4 ± 2.8			47.3 ± 7.9		Anhepatic phase
				10.1 ± 2.4			46.1 ± 9.7		30' after reperfusion
				9.2 ± 3.2			49.9 ± 8.8		90' after reperfusion

R: Reaction time for the time from placement of blood in the cup until the clot formation; k: Coagulation time, the time between TEG trace elevation from 2 to 20 mm; Alpha: Alpha angle, the slope of the TEG trace describing the kinetics of clot formation; MA: Maximum amplitude as an indicator of clot stability and firmness; Lys30: Clot lysis expressed as an amplitude reduction at 30 min after MA. TEG: Thromboelastogram.