Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma: An update

Table 3 The characteristics of frequent recurrent somatic mutations and their correlations with clinical and pathological parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma based on deep-sequencing analyses

Gene	Altered pathway	Correlations with clinical and pathological parameters	Ref.
TERT promoter	Telomere stability	Hepatocarcinogenesis	Nault et al[104]; Yang et al[165]
TP53	Cell cycle control	Under debate: an early event in the context of aflatoxin exposure and chronic HBV infection, or it might not play a role in carcinogenesis	Qi et al[136]
		Poor prognosis	El-Din et al[117]
			Cleary SP et al[138]
CTNNB1	Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Under debate: a late event for malignant progression or earlier during hepatocarcinogenesis	Park et al[253]; Vilarinho et al[256]
		Under debate: worse outcomes or better outcomes	Tornesello et al[263]; Wang et al[269]
AXIN1	Wnt/β-catenin signaling	Hepatocarcinogenesis and progression	Guan et al[242]
ARID1A	Chromatin remodeling	Initiation and progression of HCC	Schulze et al[106]
ARID2	Chromatin remodeling	Initiation and progression of HCC	Totoki et al[107]
NFE2L2	Oxidative stress	Hepatocarcinogenesis and progression	Nault JC et al[105]
KEAP1	Oxidative stress	Hepatocarcinogenesis and progression	Schulze et al[106]
JAK1	JAK/STAT pathway	Hepatocarcinogenesis	Kan et al[28]
RPS6KA3	RAS/MAPK signaling	Hepatocarcinogenesis	Guichard et al[102]

TERT: Telomerase reverse-transcriptase; ARID1A: AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 1A; ARID2: AT-rich interactive domain-containing protein 2; NFE2L2/NRF2: Nuclear factor erythroid-derived 2-like 2; KEAP1: Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1; JAK1: Janus kinase 1; RPS6KA3: Ribosomal protein S6 kinase polypeptide 3.