Genetic alterations in hepatocellular carcinoma: An update

Table 1 The characteristics of chromosomal instability and possible correlations with clinical and pathological parameters in hepatocellular carcinoma discussed in this review

Chromosome	Type of aberration	Targeted genes	Correlations with clinical and pathological parameters	Ref.
1q21	Gain	CHD1L, CKS1B, JTB, SHC1	Progression of HCC	Hyeon et al[43]
1q21-23	Gain	-	Early development	Yim et al[40]
1q21-q22	Gain	-	Metastasis	Wang et al[41]
1q21.1-q23.2	Gain	BCL9, ARNT, TPM3, MUC1, NTRK1	Poorly differentiated HCV-associated HCC	Liu et al[42]
1q22-23.1	Gain	CD1d	Diagnosis and prognosis	Zhang et al[44]
1q24.1-24.2	Gain	MPZL1	Intrahepatic metastasis	Jia et al[45]
8q24.21-24.22	Gain	MYC, DDEF1, MLZE	Prognosis (DFS and OS)	Pedica et al[47]
8q21.13	Gain	HEY1	Proliferation	Jia et al[37]
8q22.3	Gain	CTHRC1	Aggressive HCC	Tameda et al[48]
8q24.3	Gain	BOP1	Advanced-stage HCC, microvascular invasion and shorter DFS	Chung et al[50]
7q21.3	Gain	SGCE, DYNC1I1, PEG10	Hepatocarcinogenesis	Tsuji et al[51]
4q34.3-35	LOH	ING2	Progression	Zhang et al[56]
4q13.3-q35.2	LOH	ADH4, ADH1C, ADH1A, ADH6	HBV- and AFB1-related HCC carcinogenesis	Qi et al[58]
8p	LOH	DLC1, CCDC25, ELP3, PROSC, SH2D4A, SORBS3	Early stage of hepatocarcinogenesis, poor outcomes	Tornillo et al[59]; Roessler et al[30]
8p22-p23	LOH	MCPH1, KIAA1456, TUSC3, ZDHHC2	Metastasis and prognosis	Peng et al[62]
D4S2964	LOH	ARD1B, SEPT11	Prognosis (OS)	Huang et al[63]
6q26-q27	LOH	M6P/IGF2R	Poor outcomes	Jang et al[64]

HCC: Hepatocellular carcinoma; HBV: Hepatitis B virus; HCV: Hepatitis C virus; AFB1: Aflatoxin B1; DFS: Disease-free survival; OS: Overall survival; CHD1L: Chromodomain helicase/ATPase DNA binding protein 1-like; CKS1B: Cyclin-dependent kinases regulatory subunit 1; JTB: Jumping translocation breakpoint; SHC1: SHC-transforming protein 1; BCL9: B-cell CLL/lymphoma 9 protein; ARNT: Aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator; TPM3: Tropomyosin alpha-3 chain; MUC1: Mucin 1; NTRK1: Neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 1; CD1d: Antigen-presenting glycoprotein; MPZL1: Myelin protein zero-like protein 1; MYC: Myelocytomatosis viral oncogene; DDEF1: Arf-GAP with SH3 domain, ANK repeat and PH domain-containing protein 1; MLZE: Human melanomaderived leucine zipper extra-nuclear factor; HEY1: YRPW motif protein 1; CTHRC1: Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1; BOP1: Block of proliferation 1; SGCE: Epsilon-sarcoglycan; DYNC1I1: Cytoplasmic dynein 1 intermediate chain 1; PEG10: Parternal express gene 10; ING2: Interferon regulatory factor 2; ADH4: Alcohol dehydrogenase 4; ADH1C: Alcohol dehydrogenase 1C; ADH1A: Alcohol dehydrogenase 1A; ADH6: Alcohol dehydrogenase 6; DLC1: Deleted in liver cancer 1; CCDC25: Coiled-coil domain-containing protein 25; ELP3: Longator complex protein 3P; ROSC: Proline synthetase co-transcribed bacterial homolog; SH2D4A: SH2 domain-containing protein 4A; SORBS3: Sorbin and SH3 domain containing 3; MCPH1: Microcephalin 1; KIAA1456: tRNA methyltransferase 9-like; TUSC3: Tumor suppressor candidate 3; ZDHHC2: DHHC-type containing 2; ARD1B: ARD1 homolog B (S. cerevisiae); SEPT11: Mus musculus septin 11; M6P/IGF2R: Mannose 6-phosphate/insulin-like growth factor 2 receptor.