Mesenchymal stromal cell-based therapy: Regulatory and translational aspects in gastroenterology

Table 1 Across species comparison of the anti-inflammatory action of mesenchymal stromal cell-derived mediators and their assumed validity as clinical biomarker

Bioactive molecule	Mouse	Rat	G.pig	Pig	Human	Clinical biomarker	Major mechanisms	Ref.
TSG-6	X	X	X	NA	X	X	Reduction of IL-6, IFN-γ, and TNF-α, induction of T-reg lymphocytes	[5,18,19,27,72-76]
IDO			NA	X	X	X	Apoptosis of cytolytic lymphocytes, IL-10 induction T-reg proliferation	[13,15,16,52,77]
iNOS	X	X	X				Inhibition of effector lymphocytes through IL-10	[13,17]
PGE2	X	X			X		Macrophage conversion to M2 phenotype, NK cell inhibition, IDO induction	[12,78-80]
IL-10	X	X	X	X	X	X	T-reg lymphocyte Induction	[12,13,15,17,19,54,78]
TGF-β	X	X	X		X		T-reg induction	[81-83]
PD-L1	X	X	X		X		CD8+ lymphocyte inhibition	[12]

Crosses: Major action/validity; NA: Not assessed; TSG6: Tumor necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 protein; IDO: Indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase; iNOS: Nitric oxide synthase; PGE2: Prostaglandin E2; TGF-β: Transforming growth factor-β; PD-L1: Programmed death-ligand 1; T-reg: Regulatory T lymphocytes.