Predicting malignant transformation of esophageal squamous cell lesions by combined biomarkers in an endoscopic screening program

Table 1 Distribution of selected variables in the esophageal basal cell hyperplasia, low-grade dysplasia, high-grade dysplasia, esophageal squamous cell cancer and control groups¹n (%)

Variables	ESCC	HGD	LGD	BCH	Normal control
Gender
Male	89 (66.4)	32 (62.7)	146 (59.1)	48 (62.3)	40 (50.0)
Female	45 (3.6)	19 (37.3)	101 (40.9)	29 (37.7)	40 (50.0)
Age (yr)
40-50	52 (38.8)	16 (31.4)	60 (24.3)	20 (26.0)	7 (8.8)
50-60	60 (44.8)	25 (49.0)	128 (51.8)	34 (44.2)	29 (36.3)
≥ 60	22 (16.4)	10 (19.6)	59 (23.9)	23 (29.9)	44 (55.0)
School year (yr)
≤ 6	79 (59.0)	20 (39.3)	105 (42.5)	32 (41.6)	23 (28.8)
7-11	50 (37.3)	22 (43.1)	98 (39.7)	30 (39.0)	36 (45.0)
≥ 12	5 (3.7)	9 (17.6)	44 (17.8)	15 (19.5)	21 (26.3)
Income per year-person ($)
< 150	60 (44.8)	22 (43.1)	101 (40.9)	26 (33.8)	8 (10.0)
150-350	56 (41.8)	17 (33.3)	92 (37.2)	24 (31.2)	21 (26.3)
≥ 350	18 (13.4)	12 (23.5)	54 (21.9)	27 (35.1)	51 (63.8)
Family history of esophageal cancer
Yes	19 (14.2)	12 (23.5)	50 (20.2)	16 (20.8)	8 (10.0)
No	115 (85.8)	39 (76.5)	197 (79.8)	61 (79.2)	72 (90.0)
Smoking index2
≥ 450	52 (38.8)	23 (45.1)	69 (27.8)	31 (40.0)	14 (17.7)
< 450	25 (18.7)	4 (7.8)	40 (16.3)	12 (16.0)	16 (20.3)
None	57 (42.5)	24 (47.1)	138 (55.9)	34 (44.0)	49 (62.0)
Alcohol drinking index3
≥ 120	56 (42.0)	16 (31.4)	77 (31.0)	22 (28.0)	6 (7.5)
< 120	28 (20.6)	11 (21.6)	44 (18.0)	17 (22.7)	29 (36.3)
None	50 (37.4)	24 (47.1)	126 (51.0)	38 (49.3)	45 (56.3)

¹In the five groups, χ² test values for gender, age, school year, family history of esophageal cancer, income per year-person, smoking index, and alcohol drinking index were 6.046 (P = 0.196), 52.858 (P < 0.01), 45.436 (P < 0.01), 76.476 (P < 0.01), 7.137 (P = 0.129), 21.682 (P = 0.006), and 34.085 (P < 0.01), respectively;

²Smoking index = cigarette/day × number of smoking years;

³Alcohol drinking ≥ 120 g/d represents heavy drinking. ESCC: Esophageal squamous cell cancer; HGD: High-grade dysplasia; LGD: Low-grade dysplasia; BCH: Basal cell hyperplasia.