Gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine: A comprehensive review

Table 2 Future areas of interest on gastrointestinal disorders associated with migraine

Unanswered questions and future directions
H. pylori
Ethnicity difference between H. pylori and migraine association
Effects of different eradication therapy schemes in migraine
Impact of routine screening for H. pylori infection in PWM
Intrinsic role for antibiotic or antacid treatment used for H. pylori eradication in migraine
Effect of triptans (5-HT1B and 5-HT1D receptor agonist) in PWM depending their H. pylori infection status
Irritable bowel syndrome
Role of gluten-, wheat- and FODMAP-free diets in migraine
Effect of “dysbiosis” over serum level of cytokines and neurotransmitters in migraine
Gastroparesis
Nature, causes and consequences of gastroparesis in migraine
Determination of gastroparesis occurrence during the ictally and interictally periods in migraine
Hepato-biliary disorders
Prevalence of hepato-biliary disorders in different populations
Role of CCKB (CCK-2) receptor antagonists in migraine
Role of CCKA (CCK-1) receptors agonist in the treatment of obesity and migraine
Effect of coffee consumption in migraine in patients with NAFLD
Celiac disease
Routine screening for migraine in patients with CD
Role of interferon-gamma and TNF-alpha in the apparition/progression of migraine in patients with CD
Microbiome
Effects of normal microbiota and dysbiosis in CRGP regulation and expression
Effects of normal microbiota and dysbiosis in the serotoninergic system and migraine
Role of fecal microbiota transplantation in migraine
Other GI disorders
Reflux symptoms in patients with migraine as cause of the disease itself or a side effect of antimigraine medications

PWM: Patients with migraine; CCK: Cholecystokinin; NAFLD: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease; CD: Celiac disease; TNF: Tumor necrosis factor; CGRP: Calcitonin gene-related peptide; GI: Gastrointestinal; H. pylori: Helicobacter pylori.