Inflammatory bowel disease in India - Past, present and future

Table 1 Environmental factors involved in inflammatory bowel disease causation in India

Study type (region)	Sample size	Factors significant on univariate analysis				Factors significant on multivariate analysis, OR (CI)	Factors not significant
		Ulcerative Colitis		Crohn’s disease
		Favours	Protects	Favours	Protects
Case control[65] (south)1	200/200			Urban residence (birth/current)	Cattle in house compound (current)	Cattle in house compound (current) 0.57 (0.35-0.92)	Age, closed toilet in house, tooth cleanser use, pets in house (childhood/current), Cattle in house compound (childhood), appendicectomy, smoking, regular meat consumption
				Treated drinking water (childhood/current)	Regular fish consumption (> 1/wk)	Regular fish consumption (> 1/wk) 0.52 (0.33-0.80)
				Piped water supply in house (childhood/current)		Treated drinking water (childhood/current) 1.59 (1.02-2.47)
				Lactovegetarian
				High socioeconomic score
Case control[66] (north)1	513/188	Higher education (graduation and beyond)	Using private bed			Using private bed 0.25 (0.16-0.39)	Age, smoking, water source (municipal vs tubewell), illness in family, number of sibs
			Hand washing			Owning a pet 2.02 (1.14-3.59)
		Having personal towel	RCA/flush type latrine			RCA latrine 0.29 (0.14-0.60)
		Owning a pet				Flush type latrine 0.43 (0.23-0.82)
		Death in family				Death in family 2.19 (1.58-4.07)
Case control[67] (east)	50/50	Higher intake of refined sugarLow intake of fruits				Higher intake of refined sugar 1.78 (1.03-6.9)	Age, Sex, socioeconomic status, regular smoking and alcohol intake, rice, wheat, meat, fish, fried food, tea/coffee, green leafy vegetables2
						Low intake of fruits 0.28 (0.15-0.65)

¹More females had disease than controls;

²Higher intake of green leafy vegetables (P = 0.05) tended towards protective association.