New insights into the pathophysiology of achalasia and implications for future treatment

doi:10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7892

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World Journal of Gastroenterology

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1007-9327

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Baishideng Publishing Group Inc, 7041 Koll Center Parkway, Suite 160, Pleasanton, CA 94566, USA

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World J Gastroenterol. Sep 21, 2016; 22(35): 7892-7907
Published online Sep 21, 2016. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7892

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Figure 3 CD4⁺ T cell subsets and their expression of pro-inflammatory/anti-fibrogenic cytokines in achalasia. Immunohistochemical analysis of IL-22, CD4/IL-17 (Th17 cells), CD4/IL-4 (Th2 cells), and CD4/IFN-γ (Th1 cells) in specimens of esophagus from healthy control donors and achalasia patients. Arrows denote the immunoreactive cells. Original magnification × 320.

Citation: Furuzawa-Carballeda J, Torres-Landa S, Valdovinos M&, Coss-Adame E, Martín del Campo LA, Torres-Villalobos G. New insights into the pathophysiology of achalasia and implications for future treatment. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22(35): 7892-7907
URL: https://www.wjgnet.com/1007-9327/full/v22/i35/7892.htm
DOI: https://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.v22.i35.7892